AP Biology - Basic Chemistry Flashcards
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| 5477712165 | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | A molecule that provides energy for cellular reactions and processes. It releases energy when one of its high‐energy bonds is broken to release a phosphate group. |  | 0 |
| 5477712166 | Atom | The most basic unit of matter; the smallest particle of an element |  | 1 |
| 5477712167 | Structure of an Atom | Consists of mostly empty space; Protons (+) and neutrons (0) make up the tiny, dense nucleus. Electrons (-) exist in orbitals at various energy levels surrounding the nucleus. The electrons involved in forming chemical bonds occupy the outermost energy level (AKA the valence shell) |  | 2 |
| 5477712168 | Ion | An atom with a positive or negative electric charge |  | 3 |
| 5477712171 | Element | Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties; a pure substance made of only one kind of atom |  | 4 |
| 5477712172 | Isotope | A variant of an element that differs only in its number of neutrons. |  | 5 |
| 5477712173 | Radioisotope | Heavier isotopes of certain atoms that become unstable and begin to decompose. Radioactive decay involves the ejection of particles from the nucleus that may cause damage to living cells; These are used in very small amounts to tag biological molecules so they can be followed or traced through the body and used as a tool for medical diagnosis and treatment. |  | 6 |
| 5477712176 | Polar molecule | A molecule that has a positive charge on one end and a negative charge on the other due to an imbalance in the way electrons are shared between its atoms. |  | 7 |
| 5477712177 | Nonpolar molecule | A molecule that does not have oppositely charged ends because its atoms share electrons equally. | | 8 |
| 5477712181 | Ionic Bond | A bond formed by the complete transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another. The resulting charged atoms, or ions, are oppositely charged and thus attract each other |  | 9 |
| 5477712182 | Covalent Bond | A bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms |  | 10 |
| 5477712183 | Hydrogen Bond | A bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule; relatively weak |  | 11 |
| 5477712184 | Synthesis Reaction | A reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound. A + B --> AB |  | 12 |
| 5477712186 | Decomposition Reaction | A reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler substances |  | 13 |
| 5477712188 | Metabolism | The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body |  | 14 |
| 5477712189 | Catabolism | Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into smaller, simpler ones; releases energy. |  | 15 |
| 5477712190 | Anabolism | Chemical reactions that build up complex organic compounds from smaller, simpler components; requires energy | | 16 |
| 5477712191 | Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |  | 17 |
| 5477712192 | Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |  | 18 |
| 5477712193 | Solution | A homogenous mixture that forms when one substance (the solvent) dissolves another (the solute). |  | 19 |
| 5477712194 | Water (H2O) | A liquid made of hydrogen and oxygen that is essential to body function. |  | 20 |
| 5477712195 | Oxygen (O2) | An inorganic molecule critical to the process of cellular respiration; absorbed by the alveoli of the lungs, required for decomposition reactions that release energy from food. |  | 21 |
| 5477712196 | Carbon Dioxide (CO2) | An inorganic molecule produced as a cellular waste product during decomposition reactions; helps maintain acid-base balance in body. |  | 22 |
| 5477712197 | Electrolytes | These substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles (ions). The solution is then capable of conducting an electric current. |  | 23 |
| 5477712198 | Acid | Electrolytes that release H+ ions in an aqueous solution; proton donors |  | 24 |
| 5477712199 | Base | Electrolytes that produce OH- ions in an aqueous solution; proton acceptors |  | 25 |
| 5477712200 | Salt | Any ionic compound that can be made from the neutralization of an acid with a base |  | 26 |
| 5477712201 | PH Scale | Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. 0 is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or alkaline. |  | 27 |
| 5477712202 | Buffer | A substance that prevents large pH changes in solution to which small quantities of acids or bases are added; stabilizes pH by absorbing or releasing H+ ions as needed |  | 28 |