Campbell AP Biology--CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

7400483126	Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids	Name the 4 types of macromolecules	0
7400483127	Metabolism	All the chemical conversions that occur within a cell Metabolism = anabolism + catabolism	1
7400483128	Catabolism	Conversion of complex organic molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds	2
7400483129	Anabolism	Conversion of small organic molecules by forming chemical bonds between smaller molecules	3
7400483130	Hydrolysis	Pocess that is the reverse of dehydration synthesis. In __________, or water breakage, the bond between monomers is broken by the addition of a water molecule.	4
7400483131	Dehydration synthesis	Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded, with the loss of a water molecule	5
7400483132	Polymers	Long molecules consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.	6
7400483133	Glycosidic linkage	In carbohydrates, monosaccharides are joined together in a covalent bond called __________ _______.	7
7400483134	Monosaccharides	Carbohydrates are made up of _______________.	8
7400483135	Monosaccharide	The monomer in a carbohydrate is a(n) ______________. EX: Glucose	9
7400483136	Disaccharide	Two monosaccharides covalently bonded form a ____________. EX: Sucrose	10
7400483137	Polysaccharide	Three or more monosaccharides linked together form a ______________.	11
7400483138	Glycosidic linkage	The bond in a carbohydrate is a(n) __________ _______.	12
7400483139	Chitin; cellulose	Two examples of structural carbohydrates are ______ and _________.	13
7400483140	Cellulose	Polymer of β glucose monomers that is found in plant cell walls	14
7400483141	Glycogen; starch	Stored carbohydrate in an animal is called ________; in a plant, it is ______.	15
7400483142	α glucose	Starch and glycogen are polymers of ________ molecules.	16
7400483143	Polymers	Lipids are the only large biological molecules that do not form __________.	17
7400483144	Lipids	Cushioning of organs, insulation, and energy storage are three functions of ___________.	18
7400483145	Glycerol; fatty acid chains	Triglyceride is composed of a ______ and three ____ _____ ______.	19
7400483146	Unsaturated fats	Fats with one or more double covalent bonds, which is less likely to solidify and more flexible.	20
7400483147	Phospholipid	Basic structural component of cell membranes, with a polar/hydrophilic head region and a nonpolar/hydrophobic tail region, giving membranes their selective permeability.	21
7400483148	Steroid	Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of hydrogen-fused rings.	22
7400483152	Amino acid	The monomer in a protein is a(n) _____ ____.	23
7400483153	Amino; carboxyl; R	Amino acids are formed of a(n) _____ group with a(n) ________ group and a(n) _ group side chain.	24
7400483154	20	# different amino acids which can assemble according to genetic code to make different proteins.	25
7400483155	Peptide	In a _______ bond, the ---COOH group in one amino acid loses an ---OH and the ---NH2 group in another amino acid loses a H.	26
7400483156	Polypeptide	The polymer in a protein is a(n) ___________.	27
7400483157	3D structure	The amino acid sequence ultimately determine the __ _________ of proteins.	28
7400483158	Structure	A protein's _________ determines its function.	29
7400483159	Primary	At the _______ level of protein structure, a linear sequence of amino acids is joined by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.	30
7400483160	Secondary	At the _________ level of protein structure, hydrogen bonds form between the partial positive hydrogen atom of amine groups and the partial negative oxygen atom of carboxyl groups.	31
7400483161	β Pleated Sheet	__ ___________ ______________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	32
7400483162	α Helix	___ ___________ are a secondary structure found in proteins.	33
7400483163	Tertiary	At the ________ level of protein structure, various chemical associations in precise regions of a polypeptide cause it to fold into a 3D shape that will determine its function.	34
7400483164	Quaternary	At the __________ level of protein structure, 2 to 4 completely formed polypeptides combine.	35
7400483165	Sickle cell anemia	In this disease, one amino acid at the primary level (valine) replaces glutamic acid and the result is a distorted shape at the subsequent levels.	36
7400483166	Hormonal	Insulin and glucagon are examples of _________ proteins.	37
7400483167	Receptor	________ proteins are embedded in all membranes and allow cells to interact with molecules and other cells.	38
7400483168	Contractile/Movement	___________ proteins, such as actin and myosin, are found in muscle cells.	39
7400483169	Transport	_____________ proteins move molecules into and out of cells.	40
7400483170	Defensive	_________ proteins, like antibodies, are produced in response to antigens and bind to them.	41
7400483171	Denaturation	Excessive heat can cause ____________, in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape.	42
7400483172	Chaperonins	Assist in the proper folding of the protein by keeping the polypeptide segregated from disruptive chemical conditions in the cytoplasmic and create a hydrophilic environment for folding polypeptides	43
7400483173	Nucleotides	Nucleic acids are composed of ___________.	44
7400483174	Polynucleotide	The polymer in a nucleic acid is a(n) ______________.	45
7400483175	Phosphodiester bonds	Nucleotides link together via ________ _____ to form nucleic acid.	46
7400483176	Ribose	The sugar in RNA is ______.	47
7400483177	deoxyribose	The sugar in DNA is ______.	48
7400483178	A, T, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in DNA are ____.	49
7400483179	A, U, C, G	The nitrogenous bases in RNA are ____.	50
7400483180	Hydrogen	Nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA form complementary base pairs by forming ____________ bonds.	51
7400483181	sugars; phosphate groups	The backbone of DNA and RNA molecules is composed of alternating _____________ and ______________.	52