AP Biology Quarter 1 Review Flashcards

7879583273	explain the difference between organic and inorganic molecules	organic contain both carbon and hydrogen. inorganic contain other elements	0
7879583274	building blocks of carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	monosaccharides, 3 fatty acids and a glycerol, amino acids, and a nucleotide	1
7879583275	bond created between carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids	glycosidic linkage, ester linkage, peptide bonds, and hydrogen bonds	2
7879583276	an example of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids	starch, fat, transport, and DNA	3
7879583277	explain how the chemical reactions dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis are involved in the creation and destruction of macromolecules	dehydration synthesis- 2 monomers are connected by the loss of a water molecule hydrolysis- 2 monomers are disconnected by the addition of a water molecule	4
7879583279	amino acid	has an amine group on one side which is 2 hydrogens connected with a nitrogen and on the other side it has a carboxyl group which is a carbon double bonded to a oxygen and a single bonded -OH with an R side chain (varies)	5
7879583280	fatty acid	a long carbon skeleton connected to a carboxyl group at the end	6
7879583281	phosphate group	phosphate bonded with 2 oxygens (one with a double bond) and 2 -OHs	7
7879583284	chemical properties of amino acid	changes in the side chain (R) can result in a change in job specification (affects its role in a polypeptide)	8
7879583285	chemical properties of fatty acids	saturated includes only single bonds which are solid and have no kinks, whereas unsaturated contain at least one double bond which are liquid and have at least one kink	9
7879583286	chemical properties of phosphate groups	contributes to the negativity of whatever particle it is attached to, when attached to a molecule they have the potential to react with water	10
7879583287	describe the structure and chemical properties of phosopholipids	structure: polar, hydrophillic head and nonpolar, hydrophobic tails and diversity is based on the differences in the fatty acid tails chemical: hydroplillic "water loving" and hydrophobic "fear of water" together phospholipids are amphipathic	11
7879583288	structure and functional properties of saturated fatty acid tail	structure: contains only single bonds with lipid structure and a phosphate group functional: packed tightly forming a solid	12
7879583289	structure and functional properties of unsaturated fatty acid tail	structure: contains at least one double bond with lipid structure and a phosphate group functional: loosely packed forming a liquid	13
7879583290	structural differences between DNA and RNA	DNA: double helix, ATCG RNA: single helix, AUCG (smaller for transport)	14
7879583291	primary structure	-linear chain of amino acids -in a specific sequence -determined by DNA -dictates secondary and tertiary structures (R chains cause reactions with eachother) -peptide bonds	15
7879583292	secondary structure	-folds and coils of polypeptide chain repeatedly contribute to overall shape -a helix or b pleated sheets -hydrogen bonds	16
7879583293	tertiary structure	-3D shape -shaped by interactions between R side chain - bonds include Hydrogen bonds Ionic bonds Van der Waals-weak Disulfide bridges	17
7879583294	quaternary structure	-multiple polypeptide chain folded together forming a protein example: collagen or hemoglobin	18
7879583299	what is the function of an enzyme and what does it do to complete its function?	-a protein macromolecule that acts as a catalyst -speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier -allows the reactants to absorb enough energy to react at room temperature	19
7879583300	list factors that affect enzyme activity and for each be sure to explain how they affect the enzyme	-temperature (substrates collide more frequently under higher temperatures) -pH -optimal	20
7879583303	compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells	-prokaryotic- DNA found in nucleoid -DNA is circular with 1 chromosome -evolved before eukaryotic -simple -plasma membrane, cell wall, flaggellum, nucleoid, ribosomes, capsule, and cytosol -lack membrane-bound organelles -small -eukaryotic-DNA in nucleus (double membrane) -linear chromosomes -membrane bound organelles -larger similarities:-interior cytoplasm -plasma membrane -cell walls (plants only for eukaryotic) -chromosomes, DNA, and ribosomes -cytoskeleton	21
7879583304	tell the function of lysosome	functions:-breaks down macromolecules and digests worn out cell components	22
7879583305	tell the structure and function of ER	structure: -folded flattened function: -(smooth) manufacture of carbs and lipids -(rough) protein synthesis	23
7879583306	tell the structure and function of golgi bodies	structure: -flattened sacs (pita bread) function: -collects, packages, and distributes molecules manufactured in the cell	24
7879583307	tell the structure and function of ribosome	structure: -small sphere function: -site of protein synthesis	25
7879583308	tell the structure and function of vacuole	structure: -sac function: -isolate materials -containers	26
7879583309	tell the structure and function of nucleus	structure: -large sphere function: -command center	27
7879583310	tell the structure and function of mitochondria	structure: -bacteria shaped function: -cellular respiration -create ATP	28
7879583311	tell the structure and function of peroxisome	structure: -sac function: -contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions like detox	29
7879583312	tell the structure and function of nucleolus	structure: -small dense sphere function: -site of ribosome synthesis	30
7879583314	list structures found in animal cells that arent found in plants cells	centrosomes, lysosomes, centrioles	31
7879583316	structure and function of the cell membrane	structure: -fluid mosaic model: fluid is the phospholipids and the mosaic pieces are proteins, carbs, cholesterols, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins function: -integral proteins: channel and carrier -peripheral proteins: structural shape to the plasma membrane -cholesterol: increases membrane fluidity during cold -oligosaccharides and carbohydrates: cell-cell recognition -glycolipids and glycoproteins: proteins with attachments for cell-cell recognition	32
7879583317	water potential	(water potential=solute potential+pressure potential) -determines the direction of water movement -affected by solute and pressure potential	33
7879583318	solute potential	(solute potential= -iCRT) -proportional to the osmolarity of a solution -can be either 0 or negative	34
7879583319	pressure potential	-physical pressure on a solution -negative sucks -positive presses	35
7879583320	hypertonic solution	-the solution with more solute -sucks liquid from comparative solution -cell loses water -salt h20	36
7879583321	hypotonic solution	-the solution with less solute -adds liquid to comparative solution -cell takes in more water -pure water	37
7879583322	isotonic	-same solute concentration -no change -saline	38
7879583323	why does water move from hypotonic to hypertonic?	-water moves towards areas of higher solute concentration	39
7879583324	exocytosis	-cell secretes certain biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	40
7879583325	endocytosis	-liquids or are taken up by the cellthrough invagination of the plasma membrane	41
7879583326	3 types of endoctyosis	-phagocytosis: cell engulfs particle through wrapping pseudopodia around it, in a vacuole -pinocytosis: cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles -receptor-mediated: cell may acquire bulk quantities of specific substances, even though substances may not be very concentrated in extracellular fluid	42
7879583327	bulk transport	-endocytosis and exocytosis	43