AP Biology Biochemistry Review

AP Biology Biochemistry Review - Landry Flashcards

7848963532	Carbohydrate Examples	glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	0
7848963533	Disaccharide		1
7848963534	Monosaccharide		2
7848963535	Polysaccharide		3
7848963536	Glycosidic Linkage		4
7848963537	Starch		5
7848963538	Cellulose		6
7848963539	Lipid Examples	fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides	7
7848963540	Ester Linkage		8
7848963541	Unsaturated Fat		9
7848963542	Saturated Fat		10
7848963543	Steroid		11
7848963544	Phospholipid		12
7848963545	Nucleotide		13
7848963546	Nucleic Acid Examples	DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)	14
7848963547	DNA		15
7848963548	RNA		16
7848963549	Protein Examples	amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes	17
7848963550	Triglyceride		18
7848963551	Amino Acid Examples	glutamine, proline, cysteine, lycine, ...	19
7848963552	Amino Acid		20
7848963553	Primary Structure of a Protein		21
7848963554	Secondary Structure of a Protein		22
7848963555	alpha helix (secondary)		23
7848963556	beta-pleated sheet (secondary)		24
7848963557	Tertiary Structure of a Protein		25
7848963558	Quaternary Structure of a Protein		26
7848963559	Disulfide Bridge		27
7848963560	Hydrogen Bonds		28
7848963561	Hydrophobic Interaction		29
7848963563	*nucleic acid	*kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information	30
7848963564	Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Nitrogen (CHOPN)	elements that make up a nucleic acid	31
7848963565	*the hydrogen bonds between the purines and pyrimidines	*why is DNA more stable than RNA?	32
7848963566	*nucleotide	*the monomer of a nucleic acid	33
7848963567	*a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base	*structure of a nucleotide	34
7848963568	*dehydration synthesis between nucleotides	*a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides	35
7848963569	phosphodiester bond	linkage that results from dehydration synthesis of the phosphate group of the first nucleotide to 3' carbon of the five-carbon sugar of the next nucleotide	36
7848963574	*DNA	*deoxyribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that stores and transmits genetic information in the order of its nitrogen bases	37
7848963575	double helix	term used to describe the arrangement of a DNA strand	38
7848963576	*RNA	*ribonucleic acid; a polymer of nucleotides that transfers genetic information	39
7848963577	*how RNA differs from DNA	*the sugar in RNA is ribose; Uracil bonds with Adenine; RNA is single-stranded	40
7848963578	*how DNA differs from RNA	*the sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; Thymine bonds with Adenine; DNA is double-stranded	41
7848963580	anti-parallel	term meaning that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite direction of each other; one is upside-down to the other	42
7848963581	*hydrogen bond in nucleic acids	*a weak bond that holds the nitrogen bases to each other	43
7848963585	James Watson and Francis Crick	scientists who discovered the structure DNA	44
7848963586	DNA replication	process used to make a copy of a DNA strand	45
7848963590	*proteins	*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids	46
7848963591	*Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)	*elements that make up a protein	47
7848963593	*enzymes	*proteins that speed up chemical reactions (reduce the activation energy required)	48
7848963594	*amino acid	*building block (monomer) of proteins, composed of an amino group and a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and an R-group	49
7848963595	*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group	*structure of an amino acid	50
7848963596	*20	*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms	51
7848963597	disulfide bridge	covalent bond formed between two cysteine amino acids when their SH groups become oxidized; this helps determine how a protein folds	52
7848963598	*dehydration synthesis between amino acids	*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)	53
7848963599	*peptide bond	*covalent bond formed between amino acids	54
7848963600	*from amino group to carboxyl group (N-C-C+N-C-C)	*order that the amino acids join together	55
7848963601	*polypeptide chain	*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds	56
7848963602	*R-group	*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties	57
7848963603	*properties the R-group may give the amino acid	*hydrophilic or hydrophobic, polar or nonpolar, acidic or basic	58
7848963604	side chain	another name for the R-group	59
7848963605	four levels of a proteins structure	primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure	60
7848963606	*primary structure	*the order of amino acids in a peptide chain that makes up a protein	61
7848963607	*secondary structure	*three-dimensional shape that occurs from the hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups (the backbone) of nearby amino acids; may be shaped as an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet	62
7848963609	*tertiary structure	*additional three dimensional shaping to a secondary structure due to interactions of the R-groups	63
7848963610	*quaternary structure	*a protein that is assembled from two or more peptide chains; hemoglobin consists of four peptide chains that are held together by hydrogen bonding and interactions among R-groups	64
7848963612	*denatured	*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible	65
7848963613	*hydrogen bonds in proteins	*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins	66
7848963614	*hydrophobic R-groups	*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water	67
7848963618	*lipids	*macromolecule made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CHO) that is mostly nonpolar not soluble in water;	68
7848963619	Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)	*elements that makeup both Carbohydrates and Lipids	69
7848963620	fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids	the most important lipids	70
7848963622	*fatty acid	*monomer of a lipid made of a hydrocarbon chain and a carboxyl group	71
7848963624	lots of energy	how much energy a hydrocarbon chain stores	72
7848963625	*dehydration synthesis in lipids	*the removal of a water molecule to join fatty acids to other molecules (like glycerol)	73
7848963626	*triglyceride	*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol	74
7848963627	glycerol	a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic	75
7848963628	*functions of lipids	*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing	76
7848963629	*saturated fatty acid	*fatty acid that consists of all single-covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms; each carbon has two hydrogens bonded to it (saturated with hydrogens);	77
7848963631	unsaturated fatty acids	fatty acid that has one or more double covalent bonds between each pair of carbon atoms;	78
7848963632	food made of unsaturated fatty acids	plant & fish fats, vegetable oils; good fats	79
7848963635	*phospholipid	*amphipathic lipid made of two hydrocarbon chains, glycerol, and a phosphate group	80
7848963636	hydrophobic tail	another name for the hydrocarbon chain in a phospholipid	81
7848963637	hydrophobic head	another name for the phosphate group in a phospholipid	82
7848963638	*the reason a phospholipid is amphipathic	*the hydrocarbon chains (tails) are nonpolar, while the glycerol and phosphate group (head) is polar	83
7848963642	*steroid	*lipid made of four linked carbon rings attached to different functional groups (look like chicken wire fencing)	84
7848963643	examples of steroids	cholesterol, sex hormones	85
7848963645	cholesterol	the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids	86
7848963647	many biologically important molecules are NOT soluble in a lipid, so cell membranes can be selectively permeable	why are lipids good barriers in living organisms?	87
7848963649	carbohydrate	macromolecule made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that is soluble in water due to the hydroxyl groups	88
7848963650	*monosaccharide	*the simplest kind of carbohydrate	89
7848963651	*simple sugar	*another name for a monosaccharide	90
7848963652	-ose	suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)	91
7848963653	*examples of monossaccharides	*glucose, fructose, galactose	92
7848963654	formula for sugar molecules	(CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8	93
7848963655	*1:2:1	*the ration of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate	94
7848963665	*disaccharide	*two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage	95
7848963666	*dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides	*process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides	96
7848963667	*glycosidic linkage	*covalent bond that forms between a monosaccharide and another molecule (like another monosaccharide)	97
7848963668	*the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂	*one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides	98
7848963671	*polysaccharide	*three or more monosaccharides	99
7848963672	starch	a polymer of α-glucose molecules that store energy in a plant cell	100
7848963673	glycogen	a polymer of α-glucose molecules that stores energy in animal cells; stored in the liver and muscles	101
7848963674	the reason why starch and glycogen have a large amount of branching	plants and animals can quickly add to their energy supply when energy is plentiful, or break it down the storage molecules when energy is in short supply	102
7848963675	cellulose	a very stable polymer of β-glucose molecules that serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells; major component of wood; the most abundant biological molecule on earth. Humans cannot digest it.	103
7848963677	organic molecules	molecules that contain carbon	104
7848963678	macromolecules	large organic molecules	105
7848963680	organic chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	106
7848963681	the reason carbon is important to life	carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)	107
7848963683	hydrocarbons	carbon and hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded that make them stable and nonpolar	108
7848963684	nonpolar	not soluable in water	109
7848963685	polar	soluable in water	110
7848963687	polymer	molecules that consist of many repeated monomers	111
7848963688	monomer	molecules that consist of a single unit	112
7848963689	condensation reaction	the process of removing a small molecule to join together monomers to make a polymer	113
7848963690	dehydration synthesis	a kind of condensation reaction	114
7848963691	hydrolysis	the process of adding a water molecule to break a polymer into monomers	115
7848963692	functional groups	parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions	116
7848963694	charge of the oxygen atom in a water molecule	slightly negative	117
7848963695	charge of the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule	slightly positive	118
7848963696	hydrogen bond in water	weak bond formed between water molecules	119
7848963698	hydrophillic	Term for substances that dissolve in water.	120
7848963699	hydrophobic	Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.	121
7848963704	high specific heat	property of water in which water changes temperature very slowly with changes in heat due to hydrogen bonding	122
7848963705	evaporative cooling	water carries the heat it absorbs away in sweat due to its high specific heat	123
7848963706	heat of fusion	the energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid	124
7848963707	heat of vaporization	the energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas	125
7848963708	the reason why water has a high specific heat	it takes a large amount of energy to break the hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together	126
7848963710	the reason ice floats in liquid water	less dense as a solid; hydrogen bonds form crystalline structure that keeps the water molecules separate	127
7848963711	reasons why ice floating is important to life	floating ice keeps the water below it from freezing; if ice would sink, it would remain frozen eventually freezing the entire body of water	128
7848963712	cohesion	the attraction of like substances; water molecules are attracted to other water molecules; this is due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules	129
7848963713	the reason insects can walk on the surface of water	surface tension caused by the cohesion of water molecules	130
7848963714	adhesion	the attraction of unlike molecules; water molecules are attracted to other polar surfaces	131
7848963730	*functional group	*groups of atoms that are responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds	132
7848963733	*ionic bond	*Bond that forms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.	133
7848963734	*covalent bond	*Bond that forms when electrons between atoms are shared.	134
7848963740	*hydrogen bond	*A weak bond formed between molecules.	135
7848963746	CHO	elements that make up carbohydrate - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen	136
7848963747	CHO	elements that make up lipids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen	137
7848963748	CHON	elements that make up proteins, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen	138
7848963749	CHOPN	elements that make up nucleic acids, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus	139
7848963750	HONC	Hydrogen makes 1 covalent bond, Oxygen makes 2 covalent bonds, Nitrogen makes 3 covalent bonds, Carbon makes 4 covalent bonds	140