AP Biology Concept 2: Cells Flashcards

6679956476	active transport	the movement of materials using ATP energy either as bulk transport or as solute pumping against a concentration gradient	0
6679956477	apoptosis	programmed cell death	1
6679956478	aquaporin	channel protein for water in every cell membrane; facilitated diffusion	2
6679956479	axon	long extension of the neuron to sends action potentials away from the cell body to a different neuron	3
6679956480	carrier protein	a protein that changes shape as it moves specific polar chemicals across the cell membrane in facilitated diffusion	4
6679956481	cell wall	a structural layer outside of the cell membrane of plants, fungi and bacteria; it is made of cellulose in plants	5
6679956482	centrioles	structures used in the movement of chromosomes during cell reproduction in animal cells	6
6679956483	channel protein	a protein that allows specific polar chemicals to cross the cell membrane without changing its shape; it may or may not have a gate	7
6679956484	chloroplast	an organelle that converts light energy to chemical energy; it contains its own form of DNA because it descended from photosynthetic bacteria (endosymbiont theory)	8
6679956485	concentration gradient	the difference in concentrations of one ion or molecule on either side of a cell membrane	9
6679956486	cytoplasm	the fluid & material inside of the cell membrane, but outside of the nucleus	10
6679956487	cytoskeleton	protein filaments that provide anchors for transport of organelles and control the shape of the cells	11
6679956488	dendrites	extensions of the cell membrane of a neuron that receive incoming action potentials from other neurons	12
6679956489	depolarization	the movement of sodium (Na+) ions into a neuron that increase the membrane potential of a neuron briefly	13
6679956490	diffusion	the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration	14
6679956491	endocytosis	the movement of materials into a cell through a form of active transport called bulk transport	15
6679956492	endoplasmic reticulum	membranes inside of a eukaryotic cell that serve as a surface for chemical reactions like protein synthesis and lipid synthesis	16
6679956493	Golgi apparatus	membranes inside of a eukaryotic cell that package proteins for transport	17
6679956494	hypertonic	a solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell; water moves out of a cell in this type of solution	18
6679956495	hypotonic	a solution that contains a lower concentration of solutes than the inside of a cell; water moves into a cell in this type of solution	19
6679956496	isotonic	a solution that contains the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell; water moves both into and out of a cell in this type of solution	20
6679956497	ligand	a chemical that binds to a receptor like neurotransmitters bind to receptors on dendrites and open sodium (Na+) gated protein channels	21
6679956498	lysosome	a membranous sac inside of eukaryotic cells that contains digestive enzymes used to destroy old organelles and bacteria	22
6679956499	membrane	a material present in all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) made from phospholipids either on the border of the cell or composing the ER and Golgi	23
6679956500	mitochondrion	an organelle that converts chemical energy in glucose to usable chemical energy in ATP; it contains its own form of DNA because it descended from aerobic bacteria (endosymbiont theory)	24
6679956501	neuron	a nerve cell that transmits action potentials as electrochemical messages	25
6679956502	neurotransmitter	a ligand that binds to receptors on the dendrites of neurons to open gated sodium channels and pass on action potentials from one neuron to another neuron	26
6679956503	nuclear envelope	the membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell	27
6679956504	phospholipid	a macromolecule that is amphipathic, with a polar head that contains phosphate and two nonpolar tails	28
6679956505	plasma membrane	a structure present in all cells (both prokaryotic and eukaryotic) made from phospholipids that controls what enters and exits the cell	29
6679956506	plasmolysis	the process in which cells lose water when they are in a hypertonic solution	30
6679956507	polarization	processes that lead to ions having different concentrations on different sides of a membrane	31
6679956508	prokaryotic cell	a cell that predates nuclei; bacteria are an example	32
6679956509	repolarization	the movement of potassium (K+) ions out of a neuron to restore the electrochemical gradient so the inside of the cell returns to a negative potential	33
6679956510	ribosome	organelles present in both prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells that assemble proteins from mRNA recipes	34
6679956511	rough ER	a form of membranous organelle that acts as a surface for chemical reactions, especially protein synthesis because it is studded with ribosomes	35
6679956512	selectively permeable	the quality of a membrane that allows the membrane to control which particles enter or exit the cell	36
6679956513	smooth ER	a form of membranous organelle that acts as a surface for chemical reactions, especially lipid synthesis because it lacks ribosomes	37
6679956514	synapse	the space between two different neurons through which action potentials spread by ligands called neurotransmitters traveling across the space	38
6679956515	exocytosis	the movement of materials out of a cell through a form of active transport called bulk transport	39
6679956516	eukaryotic cell	a cell that contains a true nucleus; fungi, protists, animal, and plant cells are examples	40
6679956517	facilitated diffusion	the movement of particles that cannot normally cross a cell membrane from high concentration to low concentration by the use of carrier proteins or protein channels	41
6679956518	flagella	an extension of the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane that allows prokaryote and some animal cells to move	42
6679956519	fluid mosaic model	a description of the plasma membrane that describes how the phospholipids and embedded proteins flow within the membrane	43
6679956520	nucleus	the control center of the cell that contains the DNA	44
6679956521	organelles	"little organs" of the cell that each have specific tasks they do to keep the cell alive, fed, and able to reproduce	45
6679956522	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a cell membrane through aquaporins from area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration; "water follows solutes"	46
6679956523	passive transport	the movement of materials without the input of ATP energy; facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and simple diffusion are all examples of this	47
6679956524	phagocytosis	the movement of one large particle like a bacterium into a cell through bulk transport, which is a form of active transport	48
6679956525	surface area:volume ratio	a comparison of the amount of plasma membrane a cell has to the amount of cytoplasm a cell has; as a cell grows, this comparison decreases and this triggers cells to begin cell division	49
6679956526	transmembrane protein	a carrier protein or protein channel that crosses the entire plasma membrane from the intracellular space to the extracellular space	50
6679956527	vacuole	a membranous sac that contains materials for the cell to use	51
6679961123	amphipathic	having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region	52