Biology AP Cumulative Study Guide Flashcards

7607813421	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	0
7607816708	Element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	1
7607817823	Compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	2
7607820139	Trace Elements	Elements required by an organism but in minute quantities	3
7607826896	CHON	Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen. Makes up 96% of living matter.	4
7607836040	Atom	the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element	5
7607838273	Neutrons	neutral particles that do not have an electrical charge, Found in Nucleus	6
7607841926	Protons	positively charged subatomic particles,Found in Nucleus	7
7607846188	Electrons	negatively charged subatomic particles, Found in the electron cloud	8
7607850152	Atomic Nucleus	Formed from the Neutrons and protons	9
7607852523	Daltons	the measurement of neurons and protons	10
7607856457	Atomic Number	The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom	11
7607856458	Mass Number	the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom	12
7607862040	Atomic Mass	the atom's total mass can be approximated by the mass number	13
7607870382	Isotopes	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.	14
7607874006	Radioactive isotopes	decay spontaneously giving off particles and energy	15
7607879187	Energy	The ability to do work or cause change	16
7607879188	Potential Energy	stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object	17
7607882077	Electron Shell/Orbital	the path or orbit electrons follow around the nucleus of an atom	18
7607883745	Valence Electrons	Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom	19
7607886411	Valence Shell	Outermost electron shell	20
7607886412	Chemical Bonds	The attractive force that holds atoms or ions together.	21
7607888840	Covalent Bonds	Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.	22
7607888841	Molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	23
7607888842	Single Bond	a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons	24
7607891797	Double Bond	a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms	25
7607891798	Triple Bond	A covalent bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons between two atoms	26
7607893692	Structural Formula	a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.	27
7607900010	Molecular Formula	a chemical formula that reports the actual numbers of atoms in one molecule of a compound	28
7607900011	Valence	Bonding Capacity	29
7607901486	Electronegativity	A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract electrons	30
7607901487	Non-Polar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are equally attracted to both bonded atoms	31
7607903747	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally	32
7607910046	Ionic Bond	chemical bond formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another	33
7607915386	Cation	A positively charged ion	34
7607917092	Anion	A negatively charged ion	35
7607917093	Hydrogen Bonds	Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom	36
7607925283	Van Der Walls interactions	interactions between electron clouds	37
7607925284	Reactants	A starting material in a chemical reaction	38
7607927477	Products	A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction	39
7607929295	Chemical Equilibrium	The state where the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant with time	40
7607977658	Evolution	The gradual change in a species over time	41
7607977659	Biology	The scientific study of life	42
7607982561	Biological Hierarchy	Atoms, Organelles, Cells, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere	43
7608055866	Emergent Properties	complex properties that arise from the interaction of simpler elements	44
7608057971	Reductionism	reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study	45
7608059644	Systems Biology	the exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts	46
7608059645	Global Climate Change	Changes in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of years or decades.	47
7608182226	Eukaryotic Cell	type of cell that has a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles	48
7608183798	DNA	Genetic information that can be used as evidence of evolution between organisms.	49
7608189652	Genes	DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary transmission.	50
7608195939	Gene Expression	process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function	51
7608199854	Bioinformatics	the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data	52
7608199855	Genome	all of an organism's genetic material	53
7608199856	Genomics	study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions	54
7608202686	Negative Feedback	A response to changing conditions that acts to dampen or stop a system's reaction.	55
7608205211	Positive Feedback	A control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus	56
7608205212	Bacteria	Domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls	57
7608210198	Archea	Domain of organisms that are able to live in harsh, extreme environments.	58
7608256304	Eukarya	a domain made up of all eukaryotes	59
7608264461	Charles Darwin	English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection the "Father of Evolution"	60
7608285694	Qualitative Data	Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic	61
7608287683	Quantitative	relating to, measuring, or measured by the quantity of something rather than its quality	62
7608301681	Inductive Reasoning	reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach a general conclusion	63
7608304479	Deductive Reasoning	To conclude something is true based on facts, definitions	64
7608312991	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which all factors are identical except one	65
7613389824	Polar Molecule	one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other end is slightly positive	66
7613389825	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	67
7613392511	Adhesion	force of attraction between different kinds of molecules	68
7613392512	Temperature	A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.	69
7613392513	Calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C	70
7613395942	KiloCalorie	A unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories.	71
7613395943	Joule	the SI unit of energy	72
7613398451	Heat of Vaporization	amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas	73
7613398452	Solution	A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.	74
7613400561	Hydrophilic	having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water.	75
7613400562	Colloid	a heterogeneous mixture with particles that never settle	76
7613400563	Molarity	moles of solute/liters of solution	77
7613403529	Acid	A substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus red Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when dissolved in water	78
7613403530	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. A substance that tastes bitter, feel slippery, and turn red litmus blue	79
7613406392	Ocean Acidification	process in which carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater lowers the pH level of the ocean	80
7613406393	Surface Tension	The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid	81
7613409228	Kinetic Energy	the energy an object has due to its motion	82
7613409229	Heat	thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another	83
7613411519	Celsius Scale	the temperature scale on which water freezes at 0 C and boils at 100 C	84
7613413799	Specific Heat	The amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius	85
7613413800	Evaporative Cooling	the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation	86
7613415999	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	87
7613421166	Aqueous Solution	a solution in which water is the solvent	88
7613421167	Hydrophobic	tending to repel or fail to mix with water.	89
7613429146	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	90
7613431072	Avogadro's Number	number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23	91
7613431073	pH Scale	A range of values used to express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution	92
7613434036	Buffers	substances that cause a solution to resist changes in pH	93
7613434037	Acid Precipitation	rain or snow that has a lower pH than that of normal rainwater	94
7708661119	organic chemistry	the study of compounds containing carbon the study of all chemicals containing carbon	95
7708661120	hydrocarbons	Organic compounds that are composed of only carbon and hydrogen	96
7708662811	isomers	compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties	97
7708672464	structural isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	98
7708673983	cis-trans isomers	have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements	99
7708673984	enantiomers	Isomers that are mirror images of each other	100
7708678494	functional groups	A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality	101
7708680064	hydroxyl	Alcohol	102
7708680065	carbonyl	- Found in sugar - responsible for sugars being so easily dissolved in water	103
7708681937	carboxyl	carboxylic acids, or organic acids	104
7708681938	amino	a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen Building blocks of protein	105
7708684217	sulfhydryl		106
7708684218	phosphate	PO₄2⁻	107
7708686186	methyl	-CH 3 (CH3) addition of a methyl group affects expression of genes	108
7708686187	ATP	(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work	109