AP BIOLOGY - Chapter 10 (photosynthesis) Flashcards
Photosynthesis
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| 8273814269 | photosynthesis (definition) | process of harnessing light energy to build carbohydrates in autotrophs (ex. plants, cyanobacteria) |  | 0 |
| 8273814270 | photosynthesis (equation) | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 1 | |
| 8273814271 | autotroph | organism that CAN capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food (producer) |  | 2 |
| 8273814272 | heterotroph | organism that CANNOT produce its own food and therefore obtains it by consuming other living things (consumer) |  | 3 |
| 8273814273 | anabolic | What kind of a process is photosynthesis? |  | 4 |
| 8273814274 | catabolic | What kind of a process is cellular respiration? |  | 5 |
| 8273814275 | light-dependent reactions | 1st step of photosynthesis during which light energy is captured and used to synthesize ATP and NADPH |  | 6 |
| 8273814276 | light-independent reactions | 2nd step of photosynthesis during which CO2 is incorporated into a sugar molecule using ATP and NADPH produced during the first step |  | 7 |
| 8273814277 | thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts | location of light-dependent reactions | 8 | |
| 8273814278 | stroma of chloroplasts | location of light-independent reactions | 9 | |
| 8273814279 | G3P | carbon product of the light-independent reactions |  | 10 |
| 8273814280 | photon | (1) quantum (discrete quantity) of electromagnetic radiation (light energy) with both wave and particle properties |  | 11 |
| 8273814281 | inverse | What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? | 12 | |
| 8273814282 | reflected, transmitted, or absorbed | When a photon strikes a substance it can be _____________________ | 13 | |
| 8273814283 | pigments | substances that can absorb, reflect, or transmit light | 14 | |
| 8273814284 | absorption spectrum | graph of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light |  | 15 |
| 8273814285 | action spectrum | graph of a plant's photosynthesis rate at different wavelengths of light |  | 16 |
| 8273814286 | violet, blue and red | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls ABSORB? | 17 | |
| 8273814287 | green and yellow | Which wavelengths of the visible light spectrum do chlorophylls REFLECT? | 18 | |
| 8273814288 | carotenoids | accessory pigments in chloroplasts that broaden the spectrum of colors used in photosynthesis (absorb green/blue but reflect red/yellow/orange) |  | 19 |
| 8273814289 | mesophyll | (C) ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between upper and lower epidermis that specializes in photosynthesis |  | 20 |
| 8273814290 | chlorophyll b | pigment, green/olive, in chloroplast |  | 21 |
| 8273814291 | chlorophyll a | pigment, blue/green, in chloroplast |  | 22 |
| 8273814292 | excited state | (7) when absorbed photon energy causes electron to move away from nucleus | | 23 |
| 8273814293 | photosystems | (6) photosynthetic pigments embedded with protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane | | 24 |
| 8273814294 | parts of photosystems | (3+4) reaction-center complex and light harvesting complex | | 25 |
| 8273814295 | reaction-center complex | (4) centrally located proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor | | 26 |
| 8273814296 | light harvesting complex | (3) proteins associated with pigment molecules that capture light energy and transfers it to center of a photosystem |  | 27 |
| 8273814297 | photosystem II (PS II) | 1st of two light harvesting units in thylakoid membrane that passes excited electrons to reaction-center chlorophyll |  | 28 |
| 8273814298 | primary electron acceptor | (2) electrons from the reaction-center in thylakoid membranes are transferred to this molecule | | 29 |
| 8273814299 | water | splitting this molecule replaces electrons which are excited and passed to primary electron acceptor in PSII | 30 | |
| 8273814300 | O2 | released as a byproduct of splitting water | 31 | |
| 8273814301 | photosystem I (PS I) | 2nd of two light-capturing units in thylakoid membranes that replaces its electrons by those from the 1st complex and results in production of NADPH |  | 32 |
| 8273814302 | proton-motive force | created by pumping hydrogen ions from stroma to thylakoid space during electron transport chain between PS II and PS I |  | 33 |
| 8273814303 | ATP synthase | enzyme that synthesies ATP by utilizing a proton-motive force |  | 34 |
| 8273814304 | Calvin cycle, dark reactions, and carbon fixation | other names for light independent reactions |  | 35 |
| 8273814305 | 3 steps of light independent reaction | 1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration of RuBP |  | 36 |
| 8273814306 | reduction | step in Calvin cycle that produces sugar G3P | 37 | |
| 8273814307 | carbon dioxide | molecule reduced in Calvin cycle to produce sugar | 38 | |
| 8273814308 | thylakoids | (C) flattened membranous sacs inside chloroplasts that contain systems which convert light energy to chemical energy |  | 39 |
| 8273814309 | absorbed | energy is ____________ in photosynthesis | 40 | |
| 8273814310 | released | energy is _____________ in cellular respiration | 41 | |
| 8273814311 | glucose and oxygen | reactants of cellular respiration | 42 | |
| 8273814312 | carbon dioxide and water | reactants of photosynthesis | 43 | |
| 8273814313 | glucose | source of electrons used in ETC of cellular respiration | 44 | |
| 8273814314 | intermembrane space | site of proton gradient built up in cellular respiration | 45 | |
| 8273814315 | thylakoid space | site of proton gradient built up in photosynthesis | 46 | |
| 8273814316 | NAD+ and FAD | high energy electron carrier(s) before reduction in cellular respiration (after they drop off electrons at ETC) | 47 | |
| 8273814317 | NADH and FADH2 | high energy electron carrier(s) after reduction in cellular respiration (after they pick up electrons from Kreb's cycle) | 48 | |
| 8273814318 | NADP+ | high energy electron carrier(s ) before reduction in photosynthesis (after they drop off electrons for Calvin cycle) |  | 49 |
| 8273814319 | NADPH | high energy electron carrier(s ) after reduction in photosynthesis (after they pick up electrons from ETC) |  | 50 |
| 8273814320 | ATP | energy product(s) from ETC in cellular respiration |  | 51 |
| 8273814321 | ATP and NADPH | energy product(s) from ETC in photosynthesis |  | 52 |
| 8273814322 | glucose, NADH and FADH2 | reactant(s) oxidized in cellular respiration | 53 | |
| 8273814323 | H2O | reactant(s) oxidized in photosynthesis (source of electrons) | 54 | |
| 8273814324 | cyclic electron flow | light dependent reactions using only photosystem I to pump protons and generate excess ATP (not NADPH) |  | 55 |
| 8273814325 | linear electron flow | light dependent reactions involving both photosystems; electrons from H2O are used to reduce NADP to NADPH |  | 56 |
| 8273814326 | rubisco | enzyme with affinity for both CO2 and O2 that catalyzes first step of Calvin cycle by adding CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) | 57 | |
| 8273814327 | PEP carboxylase | enzyme with great affinity for CO2 (gas) adds it to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to form oxaloacetate (4-carbon solid) prior to photosynthesis | 58 | |
| 8273814328 | stomata | pore-like openings on underside of leaves that allow gases (CO2 and O2) and water to diffuse in and out |  | 59 |
| 8273814329 | bundle-sheath cells | tightly packed around the veins of a leaf (site of Calvin cycle in C4 plants) |  | 60 |
| 8273814330 | photorespiration | occurs on hot, dry days when stomata close, O2 accumulates and Rubisco fixes O2 rather than CO2, using up ATP, O2 and sugars |  | 61 |
| 8273814331 | C3 plants | do not separately fix CO2 and use Rubisco in Calvin Cycle |  | 62 |
| 8273814332 | C4 plants | spatially separate carbon fixation (mesophyll cells) from Calvin Cycle (bundle-sheath cells); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 63 |
| 8273814333 | CAM plants | temporally separate carbon fixation (day) and Calvin Cycle (night); use PEP carboxylase instead of Rubisco to fix CO2 |  | 64 |