Biology in Focus (AP) Chapter 30 Flashcards

8777644932	fertilization	the union of haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote	0
8777644933	carpel	the ovule-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary	1
8777644934	stamen	the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament	2
8777644935	petal	a modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators	3
8777644936	sepal	a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens	4
8777644937	receptacle	the base of a flower; the part of the stem that is the site of attachment of the floral organs	5
8777644938	ovary	In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop	6
8777644939	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top	7
8777644940	stigma (plural, stigmata)	the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which receives pollen grains	8
8777644941	ovule	a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte	9
8777644942	pistil	a single carpel or a group of fused carpels	10
8777644943	anther	In an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form	11
8777644944	complete flower	a flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels	12
8777644945	incomplete flower	a flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs (sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels) are either absent or nonfunctional	13
8777644946	inflorescence	a group of flowers tightly clustered together	14
8777644947	ABC hypothesis	a model of flower formation identifying three classes of organ identity genes that direct formation of the four types of floral organs	15
8777644948	embryo sac	the female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure that typically has eight haploid nulei	16
8777644949	megaspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a female gametophyte	17
8777644950	microspore	a spore from a heterosporous plant species that develops into a male gametophyte	18
8777644951	pollen grain	in seed plants, a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall	19
8777644952	pollen tube	a tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule	20
8777644953	pollination	the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules, a process required for fertilization	21
8777644954	endosperm	in angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with tow polar nuclei during double fertilization. The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds	22
8777644955	double fertilization	a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the female gametophyte (embryo sac) to form the zygote an endosperm	23
8777644956	dormancy	a condition typified by extremely low metabolic rate and a suspension of growth and development	24
8777644957	seed coat	a tough outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of an ovule. In a flowering plant, the seed coat encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm	25
8777644958	hypocotyl	in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and above the radicle	26
8777644959	radicle	an embryonic root of a plant	27
8777644960	epicotyl	in an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves	28
8777644961	coleoptile	the covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed	29
8777644962	coleorhiza	the covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed	30
8777644963	imbibition	the physical adsorption of water onto the internal surfaces of structures	31
8777644964	fruit	a mature ovary of a flower. The fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal	32
8777644965	simple fruit	a fruit derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels	33
8777644966	aggregate fruit	a fruit derived from a single flower that has more than one carpel	34
8777644967	multiple fruit	a fruit derived from an entire inflorescence	35
8777644968	accessory fruit	a fruit, or assemblage of fruits, in which the fleshy parts are derived largely or entirely from tissues other than the ovary	36
8777644969	asexual reproduction	the generation of offspring from a single parent that occurs without the fusion of gametes (by budding, division of a single cell, or division of the entire organism into two or more parts). In most cases, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent	37
8777644970	fragmentation	a means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals	38
8777644971	apomixis	the ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete	39
8777644972	vegetative reproduction	cloning of plants in nature	40
8777644973	dioecious	in plant biology, having the male and female reproductive parts on different individuals of the same species	41
8777644974	self-incompatibility	the ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals	42
8777644975	totipotent	describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them	43
8777644976	vegetative propagation	cloning of plants by humans	44
8777644977	callus	a mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells growing in culture	45
8777644978	stock	the plat that provides the root system when making a graft	46
8777644979	scion	the twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft	47
8777644980	transgenic	pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introduced from another organism of the same or a different species	48
8777644981	biofuel	a fuel produced from biomass	49
8777644982	biomass	the total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat	50