AP Biology Unit 8 Genetics Flashcards

9297965470	genetics	The field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.	0
9297965471	heredity	The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.	1
9297965472	trait	A genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color.	2
9297965473	pollination	Occurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma.	3
9297965474	self-pollination	Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the SAME plant.	4
9297965475	cross-pollination	Pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants.	5
9297965476	true-breeding	Pure for a trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate.	6
9297965477	P generation	The true breeding parent generation in Mendel's experiment.	7
9297965478	F1 generation	First filial generation; the offspring of the P generation by cross-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	8
9297965479	F2 generation	Second filial generation; the offspring of the F1 generation by self-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	9
9297965480	dominant	Masks the factor for another trait in a pair of traits; represented by capital letters	10
9297965481	recessive	The trait that sometimes has no observable effect on an organism's appearance (represented by lowercase letters)	11
9297965482	law of segregation	States that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.	12
9297965483	law of independent assortment	States that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.	13
9297965485	allele	Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene.	14
9297965486	genotype	An organism's genetic makeup (the alleles or letters)	15
9297965487	phenotype	an organism's genetic makeup; the alleles or letters (e.g. BB, Bb, and bb)	16
9297965488	homozygous	When both alleles of a pair are alike (e.g. BB and bb)	17
9297965489	heterozygous	When the two alleles in a pair are different (e.g. Bb)	18
9297965490	probability	The likelihood that a specific event will occur.	19
9297965491	monohybrid cross	a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked (e.g. only look at eye color); the Punnet square is 2 x 2	20
9297965492	Punnett square	diagram used to aid biologists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring; the parent alleles go on the outside and offspring inside	21
9297965493	genotypic ratio	The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring.	22
9297965494	phenotypic ratio	The ratio of the offspring's phenotypes.	23
9297965495	testcross	A cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.	24
9297965496	complete dominance	A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other.	25
9297965497	incomplete dominance	neither allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g. when a red and white flower make a pink flower)	26
9297965498	codominance	When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring.	27
9297965499	dihybrid cross	A cross in which two characteristics are tracked (e.g. eye color and hair color); the Punnet square is 4 by 4	28
9297965502	Mendel	A monk who studied heredity in garden peas. He used statistics to discover dominant and recessive traits, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.	29
9297978529	multiple allele trait	trait controlled by one gene with more than two alleles	30
9297981598	pleiotropy	A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype	31
9297983864	polygenic traits	traits controlled by two or more genes	32
9297986790	epistasis	the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus	33
9297990113	locus	location of a gene on a chromosome	34
9297995237	sex-linked traits	passed along the X chromosome; more common in males then females	35
9297997331	sex influenced traits	certain human traits that's expression is influenced by the presence of male or female sex hormones	36
9298013167	environmental effects on phenotype	something in the environment influences that expression of a trait	37
9298025939	pedigree analysis	Chart showing one trait being carried over many generations	38
9298028757	autosomal dominant trait	The appearance of a trait in every generation is typical of a(n)	39
9298033434	autosomal recessive trait	May skip generations, neither parent may exhibit trait of affected offspring	40
9298035865	sex-linked recessive trait	more males than females affected	41