Campbell Biology Chapter 17- AP Flashcards

8257052550	A Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain. (A stands for aminoacyl tRNA.)	0
8257052551	Alternative RNA Splicing	a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns	1
8257052552	Anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	2
8257052553	Codon	a three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code	3
8257052554	Exon	a sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	4
8257052555	Frameshift Mutation	A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons	5
8257052556	Gene Expression	the process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs	6
8257052557	Insertion	a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene	7
8257052558	Intron	a noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed	8
8257052559	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	a type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.)	9
8257052560	Missense Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid	10
8257052561	Mutagen	a chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation (Ex: UV light, tanning bed)	11
8257052562	Mutation	a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus	12
8257052563	Nonsense Mutation	a mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein	13
8257052564	Substitution	a type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides	14
8257052565	P Site	one of a ribosome's three binding sites for tRNA during translation; the P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)	15
8257052566	Point Mutation	a change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene	16
8257052567	Poly-A Tail	a sequence of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule	17
8257052569	Primary Transcript	an initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene. This is what you get right after the slicing occurs.	18
8257052570	Reading Frame	on an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis	19
8257052571	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA	20
8257052572	Ribosome	a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus; see also nucleolus	21
8257052573	RNA Processing	modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends	22
8257052574	RNA Splicing	after synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons)	23
8257052575	Silent Mutation	a nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid	24
8257052576	TATA Box	a DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex	25
8257052577	Template Strand	the DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript	26
8257052578	Transcription	the synthesis of RNA using a DNA	27
8257052579	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	an RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome, where they recognize the appropriate codons in the mRNA	28
8257052580	Translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule; there is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids	29
8257052581	Triplet Code	a genetic information system in which sets of three-nucleotide-long words specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains	30
8257052582	Wobble	flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5′ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon	31
8363982307	Silent mutations	usually found in noncoding regions of DNA	32