AP Biology Unit 8 Genetics Flashcards

8818966489	genetics	The field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring.	0
8818966490	heredity	The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring.	1
8818966491	trait	A genetically determined variant of a characteristic, such as yellow flower color.	2
8818966492	pollination	Occurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the female reproductive part of a flower, called the stigma.	3
8818966493	self-pollination	Occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower or another flower on the SAME plant.	4
8818966494	cross-pollination	Pollination that occurs between flowers of two plants.	5
8818966495	true-breeding	Pure for a trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinate.	6
8818966496	P generation	The true breeding parent generation in Mendel's experiment.	7
8818966497	F1 generation	First filial generation; the offspring of the P generation by cross-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	8
8818966498	F2 generation	Second filial generation; the offspring of the F1 generation by self-pollination in Mendel's experiment.	9
8818966499	dominant	Masks the factor for another trait in a pair of traits; represented by capital letters	10
8818966500	recessive	The trait that sometimes has no observable effect on an organism's appearance (represented by lowercase letters)	11
8818966501	law of segregation	States that a pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes.	12
8818966502	law of independent assortment	States that factors separate independently of one another during the formation of gametes.	13
8818966503	molecular genetics	The study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes.	14
8818966504	allele	Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene.	15
8818966505	genotype	An organism's genetic makeup (the alleles or letters)	16
8818966506	phenotype	an organism's genetic makeup; the alleles or letters (e.g. BB, Bb, and bb)	17
8818966507	homozygous	When both alleles of a pair are alike (e.g. BB and bb)	18
8818966508	heterozygous	When the two alleles in a pair are different (e.g. Bb)	19
8818966509	probability	The likelihood that a specific event will occur.	20
8818966510	monohybrid cross	a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked (e.g. only look at eye color); the Punnet square is 2 x 2	21
8818966511	Punnett square	diagram used to aid biologists in predicting the probable distribution of inherited traits in the offspring; the parent alleles go on the outside and offspring inside	22
8818966512	genotypic ratio	The ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring.	23
8818966513	phenotypic ratio	The ratio of the offspring's phenotypes.	24
8818966514	testcross	A cross in which an individual of unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual.	25
8818966515	complete dominance	A relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over the other.	26
8818966516	incomplete dominance	neither allele is completely dominant over the other (e.g. when a red and white flower make a pink flower)	27
8818966517	codominance	When both alleles for a gene are expressed in heterozygous offspring.	28
8818966518	dihybrid cross	A cross in which two characteristics are tracked (e.g. eye color and hair color); the Punnet square is 4 by 4	29
8818966519	Mendel	A monk who studied heredity in garden peas. He used statistics to discover dominant and recessive traits, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.	30