AP Biology: Evolution CH 22-26 Flashcards

8460214623	homologous structures	structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry	0
8460214624	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
8460214625	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
8460214626	Hardy-Weinberg	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	3
8460214627	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	4
8460214628	population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	5
8460214629	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	6
8460214630	genetic drift	changes in the gene pool due to random events	7
8460214631	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	8
8460214632	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	9
8460214633	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	10
8460214634	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	11
8460214635	disruptive selection	when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes	12
8460214636	stabilizing selection	acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants	13
8460214637	sexual selection	a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates	14
8460214638	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	15
8460214640	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	16
8460214642	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	17
8460214645	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	18
8460214646	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	19
8460214647	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	20
8460214648	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	21
8460214649	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	22
8460214650	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	23
8460214651	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	24
8460214652	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	25
8460214653	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	26
8460214654	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	27
8460214655	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	28
8460214656	homeotic genes "hox"	master regulatory genes that determine such basic features as where a pair of wings and a pair of legs will develop on a bird or how a plant's flower parts are arranged	29
8460214657	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	30
8460214658	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	31
8460214660	homology	similarity due to shared ancestry	32
8460214661	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	33
8460214662	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	34
8460214663	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)	35
8460214665	abiotic synthesis	formation of organic molecules from inorganic material	36
8460214669	fitness	ability to produce surviving offspring	37
8460214673	biological species concept	group of populations whose members have potential to produce fertile offspring.	38
8460214678	absolute dating	relies on radiometric dating to assign an age to a fossil	39
8460933494	Miller Urey Experiment	Found that organic molecules can form in a strongly reducing atmosphere.	40
8460939404	niche	the status of an organism within its environment and community (affecting its survival as a species)	41
8460946190	derived trait	a novel trait present in a clade but not in the clade's ancestors	42
8460964121	Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium	The condition describing a non-evolving population (genetic equilibrium).	43
8460986489	Hardy Weinberg Equation	Used for finding allele frequencies: p2 +2pq+q2=1; p+q=1, where p and q are allele frequencies	44
8460996469	conserved	trait found in ancestors; very important for survival	45
8461011319	cladogram	diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms	46
8461025995	phylogenetic	A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms	47
8461038011	allele frequency	proportion of one allele, compared with all the alleles for that trait, in the gene pool	48
8461048157	RNA world model	RNA was first genetic material; carries genetics info and can catalyze proteins and act as dicer	49
8461091706	Postzygotic examples include	hybrid inviability (dies), hybrid sterility (can't produce egg/sperm), hybrid breakdown (weak)	50
8461118734	How do postzygotic barriers separate species?	maintains reproductive isolation/prevents gene flow	51
8605583178	Relative dating	Estimate of the age of a fossil based on the location of fossils in strata	52
8605593274	Amniotic egg	an egg which encases the embryo in a secure, self-contained aquatic environment (reptile, bird, mammal)	53