AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

7198523694	Covalent Bond	strong link between atoms in which electrons are shared.	0
7198525647	Ionic Bond	link between atoms in which valence electrons are transferred between positively and negatively charged atoms.	1
7275955753	Acid	pH below 7. High concentration of H+ ions	2
7275955754	Active site	location where the enzyme and the substrate bind	3
7275955755	Allosteric	enzyme is controlled by a molecule that binds away from the active site	4
7275955756	Alpha carbon	carbon at the center of an amino acid	5
7275955757	Alpha helix	secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that twists	6
7275955758	Amine	-NH2 group, basic	7
7275955759	Amino acid	monomer of protein, 20 different ones	8
7275955760	Asymmetric carbon	has 4 different functional groups attached to it	9
7275955761	Base	pH above 7. High concentration of OH- ions	10
7275955762	Beta sheet	secondary structure formed by hydrogen bonds that pleats	11
7275955763	Buffer	accepts H+ when it is in excess, donates H+ when it is needed	12
7275955764	Carbonyl	an =O group	13
7275955765	Carboxyl	-COOH group, acidic	14
7275955766	Cellulose	polysaccharide that builds cell walls in plants	15
7275955767	Charge	atoms or molecules are overall positive or negative	16
7275955768	Chitin	polysaccharide used for structural support in insects and fungi	17
7275955769	Cis double bond	hydrogen groups are on the same side of the double bond	18
7275955770	Cis trans isomer	arrangement of functional groups around a double bond differs	19
7275955771	Coenzyme	organic factor that activates an enzyme	20
7275955772	Cofactor	inorganic molecule that activates an enzyme	21
7275955773	Competitive inhibitor	molecule binds to active site so enzyme cannot	22
7275955774	Covalent	bond in which electrons are shared between two or more atoms	23
7275955775	Dehydration synthesis/condensation	process of synthesizing a polymer	24
7275955776	Denaturation	protein shape changes because of heat, acidity, salinity, or chemical	25
7275955777	Disaccharide	two sugar carbohydrate	26
7275955778	Disulfide bridge	bond between two sulfhydral groups	27
7275955779	Electron	negatively charged subatomic particle	28
7275955780	Enantiomer	two molecules are mirror images of one another	29
7275955781	Enzyme	specific, reusable protein catalyst that lowers activation energy of reactions	30
7275955782	Fatty acid	functional unit of fats, hydrocarbons	31
7275955783	Glycosidic linkage	bond between sugars	32
7275955784	Hexose	sugar with six carbons	33
7275955785	Hydrogen Bond	interaction between two polar molecules	34
7275955786	Hydrogen ion	presence makes liquids more acidic	35
7275955787	Hydrolysis	process of breaking down a polymer	36
7275955788	Hydrophilic	polar substances, soluble in water, hydrogen bond	37
7275955789	Hydrophobic	nonpolar substances, not soluble in water	38
7275955790	Hydroxide ion	presence makes liquids more basic	39
7275955791	Hydroxyl	-OH group	40
7275955792	Inhibitor	molecule that prevents an enzyme from binding its substrate	41
7275955793	Ion	Charged atom	42
7275955794	Isomer	molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures and functions	43
7275955795	Isotope	elements that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.	44
7275955796	Lipids	fats, waxes, oils, steroids, not true polymers	45
7275955797	Monomer	small building block of a polymer	46
7275955798	Monosaccharide	one sugar carbohydrate (glucose, galactose)	47
7275955799	Neutral	pH 7. Equal concentratoin of H+ and OH- ions	48
7275955800	Neutron	neutral subatomic particle	49
7275955801	Noncompetitive inhibitor	molecule binds away from the active site, changing shape of the enzyme	50
7275955802	Nonpolar	electrons shared equally between atoms	51
7275955803	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acid, contains a nitrogenous base, sugar, and phosphate group	52
7275955804	Partial Positive/Negative	occurs in polar covalent bonds, leads to hydrogen bonding, overall molecule is neutral	53
7275955805	Pentose	sugar with five carbons	54
7275955806	Peptide bond	bond between amino acids	55
7275955807	Polar	electrons are not shared evenly, results in a partial positive and partial negative	56
7275955808	Polymer	repeating chain of the same subunit, joined by dehydration reaction	57
7275955809	Polypeptide	many amino acids combined	58
7275955810	Polysaccharide	many sugar carbohydrate (starch, chitin, cellulose)	59
7275955811	Primary	one string of amino acids	60
7275955812	Proton	positively charged subatomic particle	61
7275955813	Prymidine	Thymine and cytosine, has one carbon/nitrogen ring	62
7275955814	Purine	Adenine and guanine, has two carbon/nitrogen ring	63
7275955815	Quaternary	multiple polypeptides interact to create a functional protein	64
7275955816	R-group	determines an amino acid's properties	65
7275955817	Renaturation	protein refolds	66
7275955818	Saturated	hydrocarbon with no double bonds, max amount of hydrogens	67
7275955819	Secondary	hydrogen bonds create helices or sheets	68
7275955820	Specific heat	the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of something by one degree	69
7275955821	Structural isomer	shape of carbon skeleton differs (eg: ring and straight forms)	70
7275955822	Substrate	molecule that is altered by the enzyme	71
7275955823	Sulfhydral	-SH group, forms disulfide bridges	72
7275955824	Tertiary	polypeptide's r-groups interact to create a unique 3D shape	73
7275955825	trans double bond	hydrogen groups are on opposite sides of the double bond (diagonal)	74
7275955826	Triacylglycerol	one glygerol and three fatty acids, structure of most fats	75
7275955827	Unsaturated	hydrocarbon with double or triple bonds	76
7275955828	Valence shell	outer shell of electrons which participates in bonding, wants 8 electrons	77
7276443859	organic	carbon containing molecule	78
7290695768	Phosphodiester Bond	bond between two nucleotides that forms the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.	79