Chapter 8: Metabolism (AP Biology) Flashcards
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| 6212478814 | metabolism | sum total of an organism's chemical reactions | 0 | |
| 6212478815 | chemistry of life (is...) | is organized into metabolic pathways | 1 | |
| 6212478816 | metabolic pathway (begins...) | begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps to form a specific product |  | 2 |
| 6212478817 | enzyme | A specific ____________ catalyzes each step of the pathway | 3 | |
| 6212478818 | anabolic pathways (functions) | building up molecules; stores energy (in bonds); utilizes condensation or dehydration synthesis | 4 | |
| 6212478819 | catabolic pathways (functions) | breaking down molecules; releases energy; utilizes hydrolysis | 5 | |
| 6212478820 | bioenergetics | the study of how energy flows through living organisms | 6 | |
| 6212478821 | energy | the capacity to cause change | 7 | |
| 6212478822 | kinetic energy | the energy associated with the relative motion of objects | 8 | |
| 6212478823 | thermal energy | kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | 9 | |
| 6212478824 | potential energy | the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure | 10 | |
| 6212478825 | chemical energy | used to refer to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction (stored in bonds) | 11 | |
| 6212478826 | on a diving platform | Does a diver have more potential energy on a diving platform or in the water? (INSERT: on a diving platform/in the water) | 12 | |
| 6212478827 | potential, kinetic | Diving (or another other drop) converts _______________ energy to ______________ energy (INSERT: ____________, ____________) | 13 | |
| 6212478828 | thermodynamics | the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter | 14 | |
| 6212478829 | isolated system (or closed system; is...) | is unable to exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings | 15 | |
| 6212478830 | (in) open systems | energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings (organisms are _______ _______________) | 16 | |
| 6212478831 | closed, equilibrium | A ___________ system, eventually it reaches ______________ and no more work can be done. (INSERT: ____________, _____________) | 17 | |
| 6212478832 | First Law of Thermodynamics (states...) | states that energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed ("conservation of energy") | 18 | |
| 6212478833 | Second Law of Thermodynamics (states...) | states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe | 19 | |
| 6212478834 | Entropy (∆S) | a measure of disorder or randomness; the more random a collection of matter, the greater its ___________ | 20 | |
| 6212478835 | Heat | the energy of random molecular motion | 21 | |
| 6212478836 | Spontaneous (reaction) | always going to a more stable position (increasing entropy); decreasing Free Energy (∆G); can occur WITHOUT the input of energy | 22 | |
| 6212478837 | Non-spontaneous (reaction) | going to a less stable position (decreasing entropy); increasing Free Energy (∆G ); needs energy input to occur | 23 | |
| 6212478838 | Entropy | For a process to occur without energy input, it must increase the ___________ of the universe | 24 | |
| 6212478839 | ordered, less | Cells create _____________ structures from ___________ ordered materials (INSERT: ___________, __________) | 25 | |
| 6212478840 | negative | Only processes with a ____________ ∆G are spontaneous | 26 | |
| 6212478841 | H | change in enthalpy or total energy (∆__) | 27 | |
| 6212478842 | S | change in entropy (∆__) | 28 | |
| 6212478843 | T | temperature in Kelvin | 29 | |
| 6212478844 | Equilibrium | state of maximum stability | 30 | |
| 6212478845 | Free energy (is...) | is a measure of a system's instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state | 31 | |
| 6212478846 | Spontaneous | During a ____________________ change, free energy decreases and the stability of a system increases | 32 | |
| 6212478847 | ∆G = ∆H - T∆S | The change in free energy, ∆G, can be calculated for any specific chemical reaction by applying the following equation (∆G = ∆H - T∆S or ∆G = ∆Gfinal state − ∆Gstarting state; copy and paste on of the equations) | 33 | |
| 6212478848 | Free energy (is...) | is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell | 34 | |
| 6212478849 | Exergonic | releasing energy; reactants have MORE energy than products; ∆G = negative; spontaneous | 35 | |
| 6212478850 | Endergonic | absorbing energy from environment; reactants have LESS energy than products; ∆G = positive; nonspontaneous | 36 | |
| 6212478851 | S | S or NS?: Catabolic (breaking down) | 37 | |
| 6212478852 | S | S or NS?: Exergonic (giving off E) | 38 | |
| 6212478853 | S | S or NS?: Breaking down | 39 | |
| 6212478854 | S | S or NS?: breaking bonds (hydrolysis) | 40 | |
| 6212478855 | S | S or NS?: release free energy | 41 | |
| 6212478856 | S | S or NS?: ∆G = Negative (Free energy decreases) | 42 | |
| 6212478857 | S | S or NS?: ∆S = Positive (entropy increases) | 43 | |
| 6212478858 | S | S or NS?: stability increases | 44 | |
| 6212478859 | NS | S or NS?: anabolic (building up) | 45 | |
| 6212478860 | NS | S or NS?: endergonic (absorbing E) | 46 | |
| 6212478861 | NS | S or NS?: building up | 47 | |
| 6212478862 | NS | S or NS?: making bonds (dehydration synthesis) | 48 | |
| 6212478863 | NS | S or NS?: storing free energy | 49 | |
| 6212478864 | NS | S or NS?: ∆G= Positive (free energy increases) | 50 | |
| 6212478865 | NS | S or NS?: ∆S = Negative (disorder (entropy) decreases) | 51 | |
| 6212478866 | NS | S or NS?: stability decreases | 52 | |
| 6212478867 | Chemical work | An example of it is the synthesis of polymers from monomers (one of the three main kinds of work that a cell does) | 53 | |
| 6212478868 | Transport work | Pumping substances across membranes (one of the three main kinds of work that a cell does) | 54 | |
| 6212478869 | Mechanical work | Examples are the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, and movement of chromosomes during cellular respiration (one of the three main kinds of work that a cell does) | 55 | |
| 6212478870 | energy coupling | Cells manage their energy resources to do this work by _________ _____________, using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (ANSWER IS TWO WORDS) | 56 | |
| 6212478871 | endergonic, phosphate | In the cell, the energy from the hydrolysis of ATP (exergonic) is directly coupled to ______________ processes by the transfer of the ______________ group to another molecule (INSERT: ______________, ______________) | 57 | |
| 6212478872 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate; the energy molecules for cells | 58 | |
| 6212478873 | ATP | composed of the sugar ribose, the nitrogen base adenine, and three phosphate groups | 59 | |
| 6212478874 | Phosphorylation | transferring a phosphate group to some other molecule, such as a reactant | 60 | |
| 6212478875 | phosphorylated intermediate | recipient molecule of phosphorylation | 61 | |
| 6212478876 | ATP cycle | transferring of a phosphate can transfer energy from one molecule to another | 62 | |
| 6212478877 | Enzyme | a protein that acts as a catalyst | 63 | |
| 6212478878 | Catalyst | a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction WITHOUT being changed or consumed during the reaction | 64 | |
| 6212478879 | Activation Energy | the energy needed for a reaction to occur | 65 | |
| 6212478880 | lowering, reaction | Enzymes work by ______________ the amount of activation energy required for a ______________ to occur (INSERT: _______________, _______________) | 66 | |
| 6212478881 | Heat (speeds...) | speeds up all reactions, not just those that are needed; also denatures proteins and kills cells | 67 | |
| 6212478882 | Substrate | the reactant that an enzyme acts on | 68 | |
| 6212478883 | Enzyme-substrate complex | The enzyme binds to a substrate, or substrates, forming an... | 69 | |
| 6212478884 | Induced Fit Theory (says...) | says that when the substrate binds with the enzyme at the active site, the enzyme may change shape slightly to have more of a "snug" fit | 70 | |
| 6212478885 | R groups, catalyze | The ______________ of a few amino acids on the active site _______________ the conversion of substrate to product (INSERT: ______________, ________________) | 71 | |
| 6212478886 | unaffected, reuseable | Enzymes are ________________ by the reaction and are ________ (INSERT: ______________, _______________) | 72 | |
| 6212478887 | metabolic, reverse, equilibrium | Most __________________ enzymes can catalyze a reaction in both the forward and _____________ directions; in the direction of __________________ (INSERT: ______________, _______________, _______________) | 73 | |
| 6212478888 | high, engaged | At ____________ substrate concentrations, the active sites on all enzymes are ______________ (INSERT: ____________, ________________) | 74 | |
| 6212478889 | optimal conditions | each enzyme works best at certain ______________ ________________ | 75 | |
| 6212478890 | 6-8, 2, 8 | This optimal pH falls between ______ for most enzymes. However, digestive enzymes in the stomach are designed to work best at pH __, whereas those in the intestine have an optimal pH of __. (INSERT: ________, _____, ____) | 76 | |
| 6212478891 | cofactors | non-protein helpers (usually minerals) | 77 | |
| 6212478892 | coenzymes | organic cofactors (usually vitamins) | 78 | |
| 6212478893 | activates | Cofactor binding ____________ the protein (a verb) | 79 | |
| 6212478894 | Competitive Inhibition | where an inhibitor mimics the shape of the substrate and gets in the way of the active site of the enzyme; so it is competing for the active site | 80 | |
| 6212478895 | Non-competitive Inhibition | an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site (a site on the enzyme that is NOT the active site) and therefore changes the shape of the active site on the enzyme | 81 | |
| 6212478896 | Allosteric site | a spot on an enzyme away from the active site where an inhibitor OR activator can bind and affect the function of that enzyme | 82 | |
| 6212478897 | binding, functional | The ____________ of an activator stabilizes the conformation that has __________________ active sites (INSERT: _________________, __________________) | 83 | |
| 6212478898 | inhibitor, inactive | The binding of a(n) _______________ stabilizes the _______________ form of the enzyme (INSERT: _________________, __________________) | 84 | |
| 6212478899 | Cooperativity | the binding of a substrate in the active site of ONE of the subunits can force the other subunits to stay in the active conformation |  | 85 |
| 6212478900 | Feedback Inhibition | the switching OFF of a metabolic pathway by one of its end products, the end product acts as an inhibitor of one of the enzymes in the pathway |  | 86 |
| 6212478901 | Feedback Inhibition (helps...) | helps cells regulate and not waste any resources by making TOO MUCH of a certain product | | 87 |
| 6212478902 | Cooperativity (amplifies...) | amplifies the response of enzymes to substrates, priming the enzyme to accept additional substrates | 88 | |
| 6212478903 | 35 to 40 degrees | Most human enzymes have optimal temperatures of about ____ to _____ degrees Celsius (INSERT: ____ to _____ degrees) | 89 | |
| 6212478904 | carbohydrates, fats | What are two examples of chemical energy? (INSERT: _______________________, _____________________) | 90 | |
| 6212478905 | ATP | What is the body's energy currency? | 91 | |
| 6212478906 | carbon dioxide, water | What are two examples of chemical waste? (INSERT: _______________________, _____________________) | 92 | |
| 6212478907 | converted | energy can be ________________ from one form to another | 93 | |
| 6212478908 | transform | Organisms _______________ energy | 94 | |
| 6212478909 | Allosteric activator | modifies the active site of the enzyme so that the substrate can bind to the active site | 95 | |
| 6212478910 | Allosteric inhibitor | a regulatory molecule that binds to an enzyme in a spot different from the active site for another molecule, causing a conformational change in the active site for the second molecule, preventing binding | 96 | |
| 6212478911 | Heat | Much of the increased entropy of the universe takes the form of increasing ________ | 97 |