AP Biology Unit 1 Flashcards

7135351281	Archaea	one of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria	0
7135351282	Biology	the scientific study of life	1
7135351598	Controlled Experiment	an experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested	2
7135351602	Data	recorded observations	3
7135351810	DNA	a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.	4
7135351811	Emergent Properties	new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life	5
7135352094	Eukarya	the domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms	6
7135352095	Eukaryotic Cell	a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles.	7
7135352261	Evolution	descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones	8
7135352262	Genes	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	9
7135352498	Hypothesis	a testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning	10
7135352848	Inductive Reasoning	a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations	11
7135352849	Inquiry	the search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions	12
7135353021	Natural Selection	a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits	13
7135353022	Negative Feedback	a form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process	14
7135353023	Positive Feedback	a form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process	15
7135353335	Prokaryotic Cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles	16
7135353336	Science	an approach to understanding the natural world	17
7135353534	Theory	an explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence	18
7136332665	Anion	a negatively charged ion	19
7136332908	Atom	the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element	20
7136332909	Atomic mass	the total mass of an atom	21
7136332910	Atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element	22
7136333238	Cation	a positively charged ion	23
7136333239	Chemical bond	an attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms	24
7136333240	Compound	a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio	25
7136333570	Covalent bond	a type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one of more pairs of valence electrons	26
7136333571	Electron shell	an energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom	27
7136333966	Electron	a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge	28
7136333967	Element	any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions	29
7136334233	Essential elements	a chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	30
7136334234	Hydrogen bond	a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule	31
7136334235	Ion	an atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge	32
7136334236	Ionic bond	a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions	33
7136334885	Molecule	two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds	34
7136334886	Neutron	a subatomic particle having no electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom	35
7136335319	Product	a material resulting from a chemical reaction	36
7136335320	Proton	a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge found in the nucleus of an atom	37
7136335321	Reactant	a starting material in a chemical reaction	38
7136335674	Trace element	an element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts	39
7136335675	Valence electron	an electron in the outermost electron shell	40
7136336054	Van der Waals interactions	Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges	41
7137103354	Acid	a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	42
7137103355	Adhesion	the clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls by means of hydrogen bonds	43
7137103945	Base	a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution	44
7137103946	Buffer	a solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base; it minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution	45
7137104485	Cohesion	the linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds	46
7137104874	Hydrophilic	an affinity for water	47
7137104875	Hydrophobic	having no affinity for water	48
7137105179	Hydronium ion	a water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it (H30+, commonly represented as H+)	49
7137105180	Hydroxide ion	a water molecule that has lost a proton, OH-	50
7137105830	pH	a measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log [H+] and ranging in value from 0-14	51
7137106339	Solution	a liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	52
7137106340	Solvent	the dissolving agent of a solution	53
7137106603	Specific heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius	54
7137106604	Surface tension	a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	55
7139632873	Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed	56
7139632874	Amino group	a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms	57
7139634485	Carbonyl group	a chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom	58
7139634486	Carboxyl group	a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group	59
7139635077	Functional group	a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions	60
7139635078	Hydrocarbon	an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen	61
7139635649	Hydroxyl group	a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.	62
7139635650	Isomer	one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties.	63
7139635651	Methyl group	a chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms.	64
7139636049	Organic chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	65
7139636439	Phosphate group	a chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atom	66
7147690792	Amino acid	an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as the monomers of polypeptides	67
7147690793	Antiparallel	referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions)	68
7147691050	Carbohydrates	a sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharide) or one of its polymers (polysaccharide)	69
7147691051	Catalysts	a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction	70
7147691052	Cellulose	a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta-glycosidic linkages	71
7147691250	Chaperonin	a protein complex that assists in the proper folding of other proteins	72
7147691251	Chitin	a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods	73
7147691252	Cholesterol	a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones	74
7147691499	Dehydration reaction	a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule	75
7147691897	Denaturation	in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive	76
7147691898	Deoxyribose	the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose	77
7147692171	Enzyme	a macromolecule (usually a protein) that serves as a catalyst	78
7147693386	Fat	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triglyceride	79
7147693387	Gene	a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA	80
7147693388	Glycosidic linkage	a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	81
7147693842	Glycogen	an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals	82
7147693843	Hydrolysis	a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water	83
7147694055	Lipid	any of a group or large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water	84
7147694545	Monomer	the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer	85
7147694546	Nucleic acid	a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; the two types are DNA and RNA	86
7147694547	Nucleotide	the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups	87
7147694794	Peptide bond	the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on on amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction	88
7147694795	Phospholipid	a lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; they form bilayers that function as biological membranes	89
7147695232	Polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds	90
7147695233	Protein	a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure	91
7147695628	Ribose	the sugar component of RNA nucleotides	92
7147695629	RNA	a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and U	93
7147696161	Starch	a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha-glycosidic linkages	94
7147696162	Triacylglycerol	a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or a triglyceride	95
7147700205	Steroid	a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached	96
7147700206	Polysaccharide	a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions	97
7147702472	Monosaccharide	the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides	98
7147703644	Fatty acid	a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; three of these linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule	99