05 Viruses and Bacteria AP Biology Flashcards
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| 7689632988 | virus | a tiny disease-causing particle that consists of genetic material and a protein coat |  | 0 |
| 7689642681 | bacteriophage | A virus that infects bacteria |  | 1 |
| 7689656142 | capsid | The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape. |  | 2 |
| 7689787475 | episome | A genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome. |  | 3 |
| 7689791416 | F factor | A piece of DNA that confers the ability form a sex pili. |  | 4 |
| 7689800301 | F plasmid | The plasmid form of the F factor. |  | 5 |
| 7689805369 | HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) | The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus. | | 6 |
| 7689815325 | host range | The limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize. | 7 | |
| 7689815364 | lysogenic cycle | A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host. | 8 | |
| 7689819098 | lytic cycle | A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. | 9 | |
| 7689821851 | nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. | 10 | |
| 7689854370 | plasmid | A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast. | 11 | |
| 7689863150 | prophage | A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome. | 12 | |
| 7689867163 | provirus | Viral DNA that inserts into a host genome. | 13 | |
| 7689872125 | R plasmid | A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. | 14 | |
| 7689879366 | retrovirus | An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses. | 15 | |
| 7689884464 | reverse transcriptase | An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis. | 16 | |
| 7689888434 | temperate phage | A phage that is capable of reproducing by either the lytic or lysogenic cycle. | 17 | |
| 7689894645 | viral envelope | A membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome. | 18 | |
| 7689906229 | taxis | a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus | 19 | |
| 7689913909 | endospore | prokaryotic cell with a thick, protective wall surrounding its DNA; water is removed, metabolism halts; very durable | 20 | |
| 7689931468 | transformation | A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. | 21 | |
| 7689934464 | transduction | phages carry prokaryotic genes from one host cell to another | 22 | |
| 7689934465 | conjugation | In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. | 23 | |
| 7689939041 | binary fission | A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. | 24 | |
| 7689941487 | horizontal gene transfer | movement of genes among individuals from different species | 25 | |
| 7689955396 | genetic recombination | the combining of DNA from two sources (transformation, transduction, conjugation) | 26 | |
| 7689984093 | obligate aerobes | require oxygen | 27 | |
| 7689984115 | obligate anaerobes | carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in the presence of O2 | 28 | |
| 7689989126 | facultative anaerobes | can live with or without oxygen | 29 | |
| 7689989127 | heterocycts | specialized nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria that live with photosynthetic cyanobacteria; they exchange nitrogen/sugar | 30 | |
| 7689993963 | biofilms | a surface coating colony of prokaryotic that engage in metabolic cooperation | 31 | |
| 7689993964 | extremophiles | Archaea that live in extreme environments. | 32 | |
| 7689997860 | extreme halophiles | live in highly saline environments | 33 | |
| 7689997861 | extreme thermophiles | Microorganisms that thrive in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees C). | 34 | |
| 7690003661 | methanogens | Archaea that release methane, a greenhouse gas. | 35 | |
| 7690003662 | exotoxins | toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment | 36 | |
| 7690006691 | endotoxins | released only when bacteria die and their cell walls break down | 37 | |
| 7690006856 | bioremediation | The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems | 38 |