AP Biology - Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

8940787204	Acid	compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution.	0
8940787205	Adhesion	force of attraction between different kinds of molecules	1
8940787206	Antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	2
8940787207	Archaea	Microorganisms that live in extreme environments. (resemble bacteria but are not bacteria)	3
8940787208	Atom	The smallest particle of an element	4
8940787209	Atomic Mass	Number of protons and neutrons	5
8940787210	Atomic Nucleus	An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.	6
8940787211	Atomic Number		7
8940787212	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)	main energy source that cells use for most of their work, energy currency for life	8
8940787213	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	9
8940787214	Buffer	mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range	10
8940787215	Calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C	11
8940787216	Catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	12
8940787217	Celsius	the metric temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.	13
8940787218	Chemical Bond	the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together	14
8940787219	Chemical Equilibrium	the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants	15
8940787220	Chemical Reaction	A change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.	16
8940787221	Chitin	Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.	17
8940787222	Cis/Trans Isomer	Cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space.	18
8940787223	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	19
8940787224	Compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	20
8940787225	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.	21
8940787226	Covalent Bond		22
8940787227	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	(DNA) nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose	23
8940787228	Double Bond	a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms	24
8940787229	Double Helix	The shape of a DNA molecule	25
8940787230	Energy	the ability to do work the capacity to cause change	26
8940787231	Enzyme	protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions	27
8940787232	Essential Element	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	28
8940787233	Eukaryotic Cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.	29
8940787234	Evaporative Cooling	A property of water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it.	30
8940787235	Evolution	The process through which species change over time	31
8940787236	Fat	A class of energy-giving nutrients; also the main form of energy storage in the body	32
8940787237	Fatty Acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	33
8940787238	Functional Group	An atom or group of atoms that determine the functions or properties of the compound	34
8940787239	Genomics	study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions	35
8940787240	Geometric Isomer	isomer that differs in the placement of groups around a double bond; cis/trans isomerism	36
8940787241	Glycogen	animal starch Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	37
8940787242	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	38
8940787243	Heat	the transfer of thermal energy	39
8940787244	Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	40
8940787245	Hydrocarbon	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	41
8940787246	Hydrogen Bond	a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom	42
8940787247	Hydrolysis	the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.	43
8940787248	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	44
8940787249	Inquiry	an official investigation or formal series of questions	45
8940787250	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.	46
8940787251	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	47
8940787252	Isomer	Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional structures	48
8940787253	Isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	49
8940787254	Joule	SI unit of energy	50
8940787255	Kinetic Energy	the energy an object has due to its motion	51
8940787256	Law	a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work	52
8940787257	Lipid	macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes	53
8940787258	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	54
8940787259	Model Organism	Mice, fruit flies, worms - organisms we use to understand biology because they are easy to maintain and have short generation times	55
8940787260	Molarity	the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution	56
8940787261	Mole	6.02x10^23 The SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance	57
8940787262	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	58
8940787263	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	59
8940787264	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	60
8940787265	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	61
8940787266	Negative Feedback	A response to changing conditions that acts to dampen or stop a system's reaction.	62
8940787267	Neutron	A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	63
8940787268	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	64
8940787269	Nucleic Acid	polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms.	65
8940787270	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)	66
8940787271	Orbital	A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.	67
8940787272	Organic Chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	68
8940787273	Peptide Bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	69
8940787274	Phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	70
8940787275	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	71
8940787276	Polymer	A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain.	72
8940787277	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	73
8940787278	Polysaccharide	A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions	74
8940787279	Positive Feedback	A control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus	75
8940787280	Potential Energy	energy that results from the position or shape of an object	76
8940787281	Prokaryotic Cell	cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles (bacteria and archeae)	77
8940787282	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	78
8940787283	Purine	double-ring nitrogenous base Adenine and Guanine	79
8940787284	Pyrimidine	single-ring nitrogenous base Cytosine and Thymine and Uracil	80
8940787285	Reactant	a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.	81
8940787286	Ribonucleic Acid	RNA Nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose	82
8940787287	Ribose	sugar in RNA	83
8940787288	Saturated Fatty Acid	Those where all carbons are filled with maximum number of hydrogen atoms	84
8940787289	Science	An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.	85
8940787290	Sickle-Cell Anemia	Condition where red blood cells assume an abnormal sickle shape	86
8940787291	Single Bond	a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons	87
8940787292	Solute	the substance that is dissolved	88
8940787293	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	89
8940787294	Solvent	In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.	90
8940787295	Specific Heat	the amount of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a substance	91
8940787296	Steroid	large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components	92
8940787297	Structural Isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	93
8940787298	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a container of water	94
8940787299	Temperature	A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.	95
8940787300	Theory	a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations	96
8940787301	Trace Element	found in very small amounts in the body ex- calcium, iron, iodine	97
8940787302	Triacylglycerol	three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.	98
8940787303	Triple Bond	A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons	99
8940787304	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	a fatty acid that lacks some hydrogen atoms and has one or more points of unsaturation	100
8940787305	Valence Electron	Electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom	101