AP Biology Unit 4.4: Protein Synthesis Flashcards

9297011563	Gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein or group of proteins; determines our traits	0
9297011564	Protein	An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal structural and functional component of all cells	1
9297011565	Amino Acid	The building blocks of proteins	2
9297011566	Nucleotide	A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.	3
9297011567	Nitrogenous Base	Part of a nucleotide; examples include cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine (DNA only) and uracil (RNA only)	4
9297011568	Ribosome	Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.	5
9297011569	DNA	A nucleic acid found in the nucleus of all living cells, which carries the organism's hereditary information in the form of genes.	6
9297011570	RNA	A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); single-stranded.	7
9297011571	Messenger RNA	RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the cytoplasm of the cell.	8
9297011572	Ribosomal RNA	Type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes.	9
9297011573	Transfer RNA	Type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.	10
9297011574	Transcription	Process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase.	11
9297011575	Translation	Process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm.	12
9297011577	RNA Polymerase	Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template	13
9297011578	Codon	A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid, start, or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.	14
9297011579	Methionine	Amino acid coded for by the codon AUG; also used as a start signal for translation.	15
9297011580	Start Codon	On mRNA, the specific three-nucleotide sequence (AUG) to which an initiator tRNA molecule binds, starting translation of genetic information into a protein.	16
9297011581	Stop Codon	Codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation.	17
9297011582	Anticodon	A triplet of nucleotide bases in transfer RNA that identifies the amino acid carried and binds to a complementary codon in messenger RNA during protein synthesis at a ribosome.	18
9297017809	Promoter	Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription	19
9297020264	Template Strand	The strand of DNA that the RNA polymerase uses as a guide to build complementary mRNA	20
9297021938	Transcription Initiation Complex	The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.	21
9297027406	Transcription Factor	Proteins that mediate the binding of RNA polymerase to a promoter and the initiation of transcription	22
9297034630	5' Cap	Modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule.	23
9297040998	Poly(A) Tail	String of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA after transcription.	24
9297044210	Exonuclease	An enzyme that cleaves nucleotides from either the 3' or the 5' ends of DNA or RNA	25
9297046876	RNA Splicing	The removal of noncoding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis.	26
9297048787	Intron	Sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein; removed during RNA processing	27
9297051969	Exon	Sequence of a gene's DNA that are transcribed into protein structures	28