AP Biology Chapter 54 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images [1]
| 8563260058 | Community | A group of populations of different species living close enough to interact | 0 | |
| 8563260059 | Interspecific interactions | Interactions with individuals of other species in the community | 1 | |
| 8563260060 | Interspecific competition | (-/-) interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survivial | 2 | |
| 8563260061 | Competitive Exclusion Principle | A slight reproductive advantage (use resources efficiently) of one species will eventually lead to local elimination of the inferior competitor | 3 | |
| 8563260062 | (Ecological) Niche | The sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment (role) (Space, Food, Location, Breeding) | 4 | |
| 8563260063 | Relationship between coexistence and niches | Two species CANNOT coexist if they have identical niches, but they CAN coexist if they find significant differences in their niches | 5 | |
| 8563260064 | Resource partitioning | Differentiation of species that allows similar species to coexist in a community | 6 | |
| 8563260065 | Fundamental niche | Niche that could be potential occupied by a species | 7 | |
| 8563260066 | Realized niche | The portion of its niche a species actually occupies | 8 | |
| 8563260067 | Allopatric | Geographically separate | 9 | |
| 8563260068 | Sympatric | Geographically overlapping | 10 | |
| 8563260069 | Character displacement | Characteristics typically diverge more in geographically overlapping regions than in separated regions | 11 | |
| 8563260070 | Predation | (+/-) Predator/Prey | 12 | |
| 8563260071 | Predator Senses | Heat-sensing, smell, sight, claws, venom | 13 | |
| 8563260072 | Prey Protection | Hiding, Fleeing, Herding, Alarm calls | 14 | |
| 8563260073 | Aposematic Coloration | Warning Coloration/ Effective chemical defense system | 15 | |
| 8563260074 | Cryptic Coloration | Camouflage | 16 | |
| 8563260075 | Batesian mimicry | Harmless species can mimic a harmful species | 17 | |
| 8563260076 | Mullerian mimicry | Two or more harmful species resemble each other, warns off predators | 18 | |
| 8563260077 | Predator mimicry | Predator poses to be harmless | 19 | |
| 8563260078 | Herbivory | (+/-) Organism eats parts of plants or algae | 20 | |
| 8563260079 | Herbivore adaptation | Chemical sensor, smell, specialized teeth, specialized digestion | 21 | |
| 8563260080 | Plant Defense | Poison, bad taste | 22 | |
| 8563260081 | Symbiosis | When individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another | 23 | |
| 8563260082 | Parasitism | (+/-) Parasite organism derives nutrients from host organism, and the host organism is harmed | 24 | |
| 8563260083 | Endoparasites | Parasites that live in the body of their hosts | 25 | |
| 8563260084 | Ectoparasites | Parasites that feed on the external surface of a host | 26 | |
| 8563260085 | Parasite Behvaior | Sometimes require multiple hosts, change behavior of hosts | 27 | |
| 8563260086 | Mutualism | (+/+) Interspecific interaction that benefits both species | 28 | |
| 8563260087 | Obligate mutualism | One of the species in the interaction has lost the ability to survive on its own | 29 | |
| 8563260088 | Facultative Mutualism | Both species can survive alone | 30 | |
| 8563260089 | Commensalism | (+/0) Interaction that benefits one species but has no effect on the other | 31 | |
| 8563260090 | Facilitation | Species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily in a symbiosis | 32 | |
| 8563260091 | Species Diversity | Variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community, species richness+relative abundance | 33 | |
| 8563260092 | Species richness | Number of different species int he communtiy | 34 | |
| 8563260093 | Relative abundance | The proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community | 35 | |
| 8563260094 | Shannon diversity | A way to calculate indexes of diversity |  | 36 |
| 8563260095 | Why is it hard to determine the number and relative abundance of species in a community | Most species in a community are relatively rare, micro, and hard to identify | 37 | |
| 8563260096 | Biomass | The total mass of all organisms in a habitat | 38 | |
| 8563260097 | Invasive Species | Organisms that become established outside their native range | 39 | |
| 8563260098 | Trophic Structure | The feeding relationships between organisms in a community (food energy) | 40 | |
| 8563260099 | Food Chain | TROPHIC LEVELS: Producers (Autotrophs)-> Consumers-> Decomposers, shows an interwoven flow of energy |  | 41 |
| 8563260100 | Food Web | Food Chains linked together, overlapping parts, shows the flow of energy | 42 | |
| 8563260101 | What is the highest number of links on the typical food web | No more than 5 | 43 | |
| 8563260102 | Energetic Hypothesis | Aims to explain why food chains are short by saying that the length of a food chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain | 44 | |
| 8563260103 | Dominant species | Species in a community that are most abundant- thus play the biggest role (even trees) | 45 | |
| 8563260104 | Keystone species | Not usually overly abundant, but play a pivotal ecological role for the community | 46 | |
| 8563260105 | Ecosystem engineers | Species that dramatic alter their environment | 47 | |
| 8563260106 | Bottom-up model | Unidirectional influence from lower to higher trophic levels N->V->H->P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators | 48 | |
| 8563260107 | Top-down model (trophic cascade) | Suggests that predation controls community organization because predators limit herbivores and so on N<-V<-H<-P N=nutrients V=plants (vegetation) H=herbivores P=predators | 49 | |
| 8563260108 | Biomanipulation | Using the top-down model to improve the environment (purify lakes) | 50 | |
| 8563260109 | Balance of nature view | Biological Communities are at an equilibrium and interspecific competition determines community composition and stability | 51 | |
| 8563260110 | Stability | A community's tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species | 52 | |
| 8563260111 | Climax community | A community controlled and kept stable solely by predictable climate | 53 | |
| 8563260112 | Disturbance | an event such as a storm, fire, flood, drought, or human activity that changes a community by removing organisms or resource availability | 54 | |
| 8563260113 | Nonequillibrium model | Describes most communities as constantly changing after a disturbance | 55 | |
| 8563260114 | Intermediate disturbance hypothesis | Moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than do high or low levels of disturbance | 56 | |
| 8563260115 | What is the norm for most communities in terms of equillibrium | Nonequillibrium | 57 | |
| 8563260116 | Ecological succession | Disturbed areas gradually replaced by different species and then replaced by other species and so on | 58 | |
| 8563260117 | Primary succession | When species first colonize a disturbed area (usually prokaryotes and protists) | 59 | |
| 8563260118 | Secondary succession | An existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact- which then allows the area to return to something similar to its original state | 60 | |
| 8563260119 | Tropics | Where is plant and animal life generally more abundant compared with the rest of the globe? | 61 | |
| 8563260120 | Species richness in a community may occur over time as what occurs? | Speciation | 62 | |
| 8563260121 | Evapotransportation | The evaporation of water from soil and plants | 63 | |
| 8563260122 | Potential evapotransportation | Measures potential water loss that assumes water is readily available | 64 | |
| 8563260123 | Species-area curve | Describes patterns of species richness | 65 | |
| 8563260124 | Species area relationship | S is the number of species found in a habitat, A is the area of the habitat, and z tells you how many more species should be found in a habitat was area increases |  | 66 |
| 8563260125 | Island equillibrium | It is better to study equillibrium on islands because of their isolation and manageable size | 67 | |
| 8563260126 | Two factors that determine the number of species on islands | Rate of immigration of new species, rate of extinction of species | 68 | |
| 8563260127 | Island equilibrium model | Predicts that an equilibrium will be reached when the rate of species immigration equals the rate of extinction | 69 | |
| 8563260128 | Pathogens | Disease-causing microorganisms, viruses, viroids, or prions | 70 | |
| 8563260129 | Zoonotic pathogens | Cause 3/4 of emerging human diseases and many of the most devastating diseases-- pathogens transferred to humans from animals | 71 | |
| 8563260130 | Vector | Organism serves as an intermediate species between an infected animal and a human (lice, ticks, mosquitos) | 72 | |
| 8563260131 | How much energy is transferred between the links of a food chain? | 10% (Ten Percent) (Energy is lost from one trophic level to the next) | 73 | |
| 8563260132 | What happens to the other 90% of energy not transferred from trophic levels | Lost as heat, motion, maintaining life | 74 | |
| 8563260133 | How much energy starts with the autotroph? | 100% (One Hundred Percent) | 75 | |
| 8563260134 | Species Abundance | Proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community | 76 |