AP Biology Test 1 Flashcards

7564538666	mitosis	cell division, ends in two identical daughter cells	0
7564538667	mitotic index equation	number of cells containing visible chromosomes/total number of cells in the field of view	1
7564538668	prophase	chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane breaks down	2
7564538669	metaphase	chromosomes line up in middle on metaphase plate	3
7569488037	anaphase	chromosomes separate	4
7569494870	telophase	nuclear membrane appears (visible line down the middle)	5
7569498416	meiosis	gamete production, results in cells with the haploid number of chromosomes	6
7569502255	homologous chromosomes		7
7569506137	sister chromatids		8
7569506945	centromere	where the sister chromatids are connected	9
7569509054	eukaryotes	have organelles, undergo mitosis for growth and repair	10
7569513291	plant budding	an offspring created through asexual reproduction by branching off of the parent	11
7569520577	prokaryotes	do not have organelles and undergo binary fission, bacteria	12
7569521995	binary fission	similar to mitosis, a single chromosome is replicated and split into two cells	13
7569528211	sexual reproduction creates	genetic diversity	14
7569528785	independent assortment	there are multiple equally probable chromosome arrangements	15
7569532962	to determine the number of possible chromosomal combinations	2^n	16
7569535598	independent assortment applies to	non-homologous chromosomes	17
7569537155	crossing over	non sister chromatids exchanging DNA segments during meiosis	18
7569545413	recombinant chromosomes	individual chromosomes that carry genes derived from two different parents	19
7569549687	random fertilization	the combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability	20
7569561816	hypothesis	if the IV is modified in this, then this will happen to the DV	21
7569568089	the independent variable is the one being	modified	22
7569569730	control is tested for	comparison	23
7569569731	to find the degrees of freedom	subtract 1 from the number of categories	24
7569574885	if there is no significant difference that means the only difference is due to	chance and sampling errors	25
7569579545	in the SEM when the error bars overlap (+/- 2 SEM) we say that the data's difference is	insignificant	26
7569587564	in the SEM when the error bars don't overlap (+/- 2 SEM) we say that the data's difference is	significant	27
7569594732	in the median, the whiskers are NOT	error bars	28
7569596165	whiskers are not error bars because the whiskers only represent	a small portion of the data (the extremes)	29
7569609614	when comparing multiple tests for SEM, compare the tests to the	control	30
7569641343	+/- 1 SEM represents	68%	31
7569641344	+/- 2 SEM represents	95%	32
7569642404	+/- 3 SEM represents	99%	33
7569644749	the null hypothesis	suggest that there is no difference between the observed and expected	34
7569646153	p-value	indicates whether or not the difference is significant or not	35
7569653647	p > 0.05	accept the null hypothesis, this means the difference is small between the values therefore there is a GREATER probability that the difference is due to chance and sampling errors	36
7569660522	p < 0.05 0.01 < p < 0.05 p < 0.05	reject the null hypothesis, this means the difference is big between the values therefore there is a SMALLER probability that the difference is due to chance and sampling errors	37
7569669753	law of segregation	each allele separates into different gametes	38
7569674241	dihybrid cross	a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for two genes	39
7569676669	monohybrid cross	a cross between two organisms that are heterozygous	40
7569724874	apply the addition rule to	mutually exclusive events	41
7569727476	mutually exclusive events	cannot happen at the same time (an organism cannot be homozygous dominant and recessive at the same time)	42
7569729582	apply the multiplication rule to	separate, individual events	43
7569740102	natural selection	organisms with advantageous heritable traits have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing	44
7569744761	evolution occurs on a ... not an individual	population	45
7569748056	evolution can only occur if the allele (mutation)	already exists in small frequencies	46
7569769711	selective pressure	an environmental change occurs where small frequency alleles become the dominant (most common) allele	47
7569776989	directional selection	a change occurs so the extremes have a better fitness then the dominant population	48
7569782868	fitness	organisms ability to survive and reproduce	49
7569809631	stickleback fish without spines can have the same genetic code as stickleback fish with spines because	genes have regulatory switches that allow them to be expressed	50
7569814078	evolution can repeat itself	if the organisms are put under the same selective and life-challenging conditions	51
7569832374	cytokinesis	separates the cells at the end of meiosis or mitosis	52
7569841146	somatic cells	any cells in the body other than reproductive cells	53
7569842242	autosomes	all chromosomes except the sex chromosomes	54
7569843972	haploid	one set of chromosomes	55
7569846414	diploid	containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent	56
7569851993	during interphase, the genetic material is	dispersed into the nucleus	57
7571486162	what does not occur when dividing bacteria	mitosis	58
7571495722	how many genes are present in the human genome	tens of thousands	59
7571498116	locus	the precise location of a gene on a chromosome	60
7571505300	tetrads	a set of homologous chromosomes	61
7571516922	if an organism is n=4 and undergoes meiosis, there will be ... tetrads	4	62
7571612324	ignoring crossover how many kinds of gametes can be produced with a diploid number of 4	4 (2^2)	63
7571628260	the major contribution of sex to evolution is that	it provides a method to increase genetic variation	64
7571635707	why is sexual reproduction advantageous over asexual reproduction	energetically, sexual reproduction is more costly, but sexual reproduction leads to different combinations of alleles that could provide adaptability in an environment	65
7571684733	when gametes meet a ... is created	zygote	66
7571688923	females have homologous chromosomes	XX	67
7571688924	males have homologous chromosomes	XY	68