AP Biology (Campbell) Chapter 7 Flashcards

5703463524	plasma membrane	creates compartments within cells and barrier between intra- & extracellular	0
5703463525	selectively permeable	rules of chemistry determine movement across membrane.	1
5703463526	phospholipids	membrane lipid structure	2
5703463527	lipids and proteins	main macromolecules in membranes	3
5703463528	amphipatic molecules	have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	4
5703463529	fluid mosaic model	The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the...	5
5703463530	freeze-fracture	preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer	6
5703463531	transmembrane proteins	the integral protein completely spans the membrane as...	7
5703463532	integral proteins	proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	8
5703463533	peripheral proteins	proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer	9
5703463534	cell-cell recognition	the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another.	10
5703463535	transport proteins	proteins that control movement of molecules across plasma membrane	11
5703463536	channel proteins	transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane.	12
5703463537	aquaporins	channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water	13
5703463538	carrier proteins	transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.	14
5703463539	diffusion	movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space	15
5703463540	concentration gradient	difference in concentration within or between 2 areas	16
5703463541	passive transport	transport that requires hydrolysis of ATP to take place	17
5703463542	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	18
5703463544	isotonic (animal cell)	if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same.	19
5703463545	hypertonic (animal cell)	when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies.	20
5703463546	hypotonic (animal cell)	when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon.	21
5703463547	osmoregulation	adaptations that control of water balance across plasma membranes	22
5703463548	paramecium	is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives.	23
5703463549	turgid	when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells.	24
5703463550	hypotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake.	25
5703463551	isotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt.	26
5703463552	flaccid	limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.)	27
5703463553	hypertonic (plant cells)	the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell.	28
5703463554	plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall.	29
5703463555	facilitated diffusion	the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.	30
5703463556	ion channels (gated channels)	Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus.	31
5703463557	active transport	transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires ATP hydrolysis.	32
5703463558	ATP	supplies energy for most active transport	33
5703463559	sodium-potassium pump	transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.	34
5703463560	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside.	35
5703463561	electrochemical gradient	2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane.	36
5703463562	electrogenic pumps	special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps.	37
5703463563	sodium-potassium pump	major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage.	38
5703463564	proton pumps	the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution.	39
5703463565	exocytosis	transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents.	40
5703463566	endocytosis	a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.	41
5703463567	phagocytosis	a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.	42
5703463568	pinocytosis	molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.	43
5703463569	receptor-mediated endocytosis	endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment.	44