AP Biology : Chapter 45 : The Endocrine System Flashcards

9602045650	Hormone	Type of molecule that is secreted into extracellular fluid, circulates the blood/hemolymph, and communicates regulatory messages throughout the body	0
9602045651	Peptide v steroid	compound of amino acids -water soluble; can't pass through plasma membrane 1. secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in bloodstream 2. bind to cell surface receptors that give info to nucleus through intracellular pathways versus lipids with 4 rings of carbon atoms, derived from the steroid cholesterol -lipid soluble; pass through membrane -receptors for lipid soluble hormones are usually in nucleus/cytoplasm 1. diffuse across membranes 2. bind to transport proteins outside the cell, travel through bloodstream 3. diffuse into target cells and bind to receptors	1
9602045652	Blood glucose feedback loop	Involves Insulin (triggers uptake of glucose from blood into body cells) and glucagon (release glucose into blood from energy stores) -Both are produced in pancreas -If blood glucose increases: 1) beta cells in pancreas release insulin in blood 2) liver takes glucose and stores as glycogen 3) glucose level declines -If decreases: 1) alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into blood 2) liver breaks down glycogen and release glucose into blood 3) glucose level increases	2
9602045653	Hypothalamus	Receives info from nerves throughout the body and in response, initiates endocrine signaling appropriate to env'tal conditions -hormones released from posterior pituitary and hormones regulate anterior pituitary	3
9602045654	Blood calcium feedback loop	Falling blood Ca2+ level -Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH) -Increased Ca2+ uptake in kidneys -Increased Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Stimulates Ca2+ release from bones Rising blood Ca2+ level -Thyroid gland releases calcitonin -Stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in intestines -Reduces Ca2+ uptake in kidneys	4
9602045655	Ecdysteroid	A steroid hormone that triggers the growth of adult cells/death of larval cells in insects	5
9602045656	Endocrine system	A group of glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream that help control bodily functioning -Hormones secreted can regulate reproduction, energy, development, growth, metabolism, and behavior	6
9602045657	Endocrine signaling	Secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body -maintains homeostasis -responses to env't -regulates growth/development -physical/behavioral changes	7
9602045658	Local regulators	Molecules that act over short distances. Reach target cells only by diffusion (messengers)	8
9602045659	Paracrine signaling	Target cells are near the secreting cell	9
9602045660	Autocrine signaling	The target cell is the secreting cell (molecules diffuse locally and trigger responses in the secreting cell)	10
9602045661	Synaptic signalling	Neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in the cells of target tissues (neurons, muscles, glands)	11
9602045662	Neuroendocrine signaling	Neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body	12
9602045663	Neurotransmitters	Molecules secreted by neurons at synapses -Diffuse short distances to bind to receptors on target cell -sensation, memory, cognition, movement	13
9602045664	Neurohormones	Chemicals released by neurons into the blood for action at distant targets	14
9602045665	Pheromones	Chemicals released into external env't -attraction, warning (predators), forming territories	15
9602045666	Signal transduction	Series of changes in cellular proteins that converts the extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response	16
9602045667	Epinephrine	Adrenaline -Binds to a G protein coupled receptor (once it reaches the liver) in the plasma membrane of target cells -Binding triggers synthesis of cAMP as a second messenger -Protein kinase A activated by cAMP -enzyme becomes activated for glycogen sysnthesis -liver releases glucose in bloodstream	17
9602045668	Growth factors	Stimulate the growth and division of cells	18
9602045669	Nitric oxide	Functions as both a neurotransmitter and local regulator	19
9602045670	Negative/positive feedback loops	The response decreases/reinforces a stimulus	20
9602045671	Growth hormone GH	Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland -stimulates growth through tropic and nontropic effects -liver responds by releasing insulin like growth factors, which circulate blood and stimulate bone/cartilage growth -skeleton of immature animal stops growing when it isn't there -raises blood glucose levels (opposing insulin)	21
9602045672	Norepinephrine	A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation	22
9602045674	Thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH	Hormone released by hypothalamus to activate TSH	23
9602045675	Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH	Causes thyroid gland cells to secrete T3 and T4; stimulates thyroid growth	24
9602045676	Difference between endocrine and exocrine systems	Endocrine: glands secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid (within) Exocrine: glands have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces/cavities (out of)	25
9602045677	Difference between tropic and nontropic hormone	Tropic: regulate the function of other endocrine cells/glands -TSH -ACTH -FSH -LH Nontropic: targets tissues that are not part of the endocrine system	26
9602045678	Difference between afferent and efferent	Afferent: towards something (nerves=central nervous system, blood=heart) Efferent: conducting away from something	27
9602045679	Posterior pituitary gland	Releases neurohormones made in hypothalamus (extension of hypothalamus) -Hormones: ADH (promotes retention of water by kidneys) and Oxytocin (contraction of uterus/mammary gland cells) -Peptide	28
9602045680	Anterior pituitary gland	Synthesizes and secretes hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus -Hormones: GH (stimulates bone growth/metabolic functions) -TSH (stimulates thyroid gland) -Prolactin (milk production and secretion)	29
9602045681	Thyroid gland	Regulates metabolism -T3 and T4 (stimulate and maintain metabolic processes) -Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium) As thyroid hormones accumulate, it increases metabolic rate, releasing thermal energy and increasing body temp	30
9602045682	Parathyroid glands	Control calcium and phosphorus metabolism; produce parathyroid hormone. -PTH raises blood calcium levels	31
9602045683	Pancreas	Regulates the level of sugar in the blood -Insulin (lowers blood glucose)- beta cells -Glucagon (increases blood glucose)- alpha -Exocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes	32
9602045684	Adrenal glands	Adrenal medulla -Epinephrine, norepinephrine (increase blood glucose and metabolic activities, constrict blood vessels) Adrenal cortex -Glucocorticoids (raise blood glucose), mineralocorticoids (promote reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium in kidneys)	33
9602045685	Gonads	Testes Ovaries	34
9602045686	Pineal gland	Secretes melatonin, involved in biological rhythms -Affected by light and dark cycles	35