AP Biology Chapters 2-3 Flashcards
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| 7263754977 | Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass | 0 | |
| 7263758149 | Element | A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | 1 | |
| 7263762163 | Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio | 2 | |
| 7263766356 | Essential Elements | Elements that an organism needs to live a healthy life and reproduce. | 3 | |
| 7263773394 | Trace Elements | Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities | 4 | |
| 7263777677 | Atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains properties of an element | 5 | |
| 7263818153 | Neutron | electrically neutral particle in the nucleus | 6 | |
| 7277637720 | Proton | positively charged particle in the nucleus | 7 | |
| 7277645589 | Electron | negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus | 8 | |
| 7277647211 | Atomic Nucleus | protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core in the center of the atom | 9 | |
| 7277649959 | Dalton | the measurement for subatomic particles which is equivalent to one atomic mass unit | 10 | |
| 7277655460 | Atomic Number | number of protons unique to a specific element | 11 | |
| 7277657800 | Mass Number | the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of the atom | 12 | |
| 7277662908 | Atomic Mass | approximation of the total mass of an atom (average of isotopes) | 13 | |
| 7277671240 | Isotopes | atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons and therefore have different masses | 14 | |
| 7277675282 | Radioactive Isotopes | when the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | 15 | |
| 7277679403 | Energy | the capacity to cause change | 16 | |
| 7277682559 | Potential Energy | the energy that matter posses because of its location or structure | 17 | |
| 7277685400 | Electron Shell | where electrons are found which each have a distinct average distance | 18 | |
| 7277695261 | Chemical bonds | the interactions between atoms that keeps them close together which is a result from the sharing or transfer of valence electrons | 19 | |
| 7277708087 | Covalent Bonds | sharing of a pair of electrons by two atoms | 20 | |
| 7277709332 | Molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | 21 | |
| 7277724171 | Single Bond | the line in a structural formula that represents a pair of shared electrons | 22 | |
| 7277733936 | Double Bonds | a molecule that share two pairs of valence electrons | 23 | |
| 7277738748 | Valence | the bonding capacity of an atom which equals the number of unpaired electrons needed to complete the outermost shell | 24 | |
| 7277756432 | Electronegativity | the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | 25 | |
| 7277761575 | Non-polar Covalent Bond | when electrons are shared equally between two atoms since they have the same electronegativity | 26 | |
| 7277772392 | Polar Covalent Bond | the electrons of a bond are not equally shared | 27 | |
| 7277779357 | Ion | a charged atom or molecule | 28 | |
| 7277781757 | Cation | a positively charged ion | 29 | |
| 7277783267 | Anion | a negatively charged ion | 30 | |
| 7277785283 | Ionic Bond | the attraction of opposite charges between anions and cations which results in the transfer of an electron | 31 | |
| 7277788944 | Ionic Compound (Salt) | compounds formes by ionic bonds | 32 | |
| 7277792309 | Hydrogen Bonds | the non-covalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom (like fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen) | 33 | |
| 7277799813 | Van Der Waals INteractions | Molecules with non-polar covalent bonds have slightly positive and negative regions which results in individually weak attractions between other non-polar molecules or atoms | 34 | |
| 7277810772 | Reactants | the starting material in a chemical reaction | 35 | |
| 7277812859 | Products | the resulting substances of a chemical reaction | 36 | |
| 7277816354 | Chemical Equilibrium | the reactants and products have reached a fixed ratio (the forward and reverse reactions are still occurring but no net movement occurs) | 37 | |
| 7277850168 | Polar Molecule | the overall charge of a molecule is unevenly distributed (ex. water) | 38 | |
| 7277852748 | Cohesion | the multiple hydrogen bonds in water hold the substance together and help water pull itself upward | 39 | |
| 7277866300 | Adhesion | the clinging of one substance to another (water adheres to the cell wall of plants to move up a tree) | 40 | |
| 7277873388 | Surface Tension | a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid | 41 | |
| 7277876106 | Kinetic Energy | the energy of motion | 42 | |
| 7277877801 | Heat | a form of energy that is a measure of the matter's total kinetic energy due to motion (depends on volume) | 43 | |
| 7277896289 | Temperature | a measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules, regardless of volume | 44 | |
| 7277908325 | Celsius Scale | an indication for temperature in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 (human body at around 37) | 45 | |
| 7277914076 | Calorie (cal) | the amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1g pf water by 1 degree Celsius | 46 | |
| 7277937823 | Kilocalorie (kcal) | the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius | 47 | |
| 7277943146 | Joule (J) | a unit of energy | 48 | |
| 7277945234 | Specific Heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius | 49 | |
| 7277958042 | Heat of Vaporization | the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to gaseous state | 50 | |
| 7277963566 | Evaporative Cooling | when a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid left behind cools down (the molecules with the highest amount of kinetic energy are converted to gas and the rest are left behind) | 51 | |
| 7277974968 | Solution | a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances | 52 | |
| 7277991810 | Solvent | the dissolving agent of a solution | 53 | |
| 7277994207 | Solute | the substance that is dissolved | 54 | |
| 7277998013 | Aqueous Solution | a solution in which water is the solvent | 55 | |
| 7278001058 | Hydration Shell | the sphere of water molecules that surrounds each dissolved ion | 56 | |
| 7278010115 | Hydrophilic | any substance that has an affinity to for water | 57 | |
| 7278011564 | Colloid | a stable suspension of fine particles in a liquid (ex. large molecules in cells can't dissolve but are instead suspended in the aqueous liquid of the cell) | 58 | |
| 7278019940 | Hydrophobic | substances that do not have an affinity to water. (substances that are non-ionic and non-polar seem to repel water) | 59 | |
| 7278034654 | Molecular Mass | the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule | 60 | |
| 7278037868 | Mole (mol) | a certain number of molecules of a substance- 6.02x10^23 molecules | 61 | |
| 7278061920 | Molarity | the number of moles of solute per liter of solution- the unit of concentration | 62 | |
| 7278066612 | Hydrogen Ion (H+) | a single proton with a charge of 1+ (occurs when a hydrogen atom loses an electron) | 63 | |
| 7278074933 | Hydroxide Ion (OH-) | a water molecule loses a proton and has a charge of 1- | 64 | |
| 7278084548 | Hydronium Ion (H3O+) | the proton (hydrogen ion) binds with other water molecules |  | 65 |
| 7278100332 | Acid | a substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, possibly by donating H+ | 66 | |
| 7278107021 | Base | a substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution, possibly by accepting the H+ | 67 | |
| 7278115090 | pH | the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration pH=-log[H+] | 68 | |
| 7278120975 | Buffer | a substance that minimizes changed in concentrations of H+and OH- in a solution which they accomplish by accepting or donating H+ to the solution | 69 | |
| 7278130569 | Ocean Acidification | when CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts to form carbonic acid which lowers the pH of the ocean | 70 | |
| 7278136813 | Acid Precipitation | rain, snow, or fog with a pH lower (more acidic) than 5.2 (uncontaminated rain has pH of 5.6) | 71 |