GWHS AP Biology - Chapter 53: Population Ecology Flashcards

9555356006	Random Dispersion	the position of each individual in a population is independent of other individuals	0
9555356007	Population	a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area -described by their boundaries and size; likely to rely on same resources, influenced by similar environmental factors, a breed/interact w/ one another	1
9555356008	Density	the number of individuals per unit area volume -the result of an interplay between processes that add individuals to a population and those that remove individuals	2
9555356009	Dispersion	the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population	3
9555356010	Immigration	the influx of new individuals from other areas	4
9555356011	Emigration	the movement of individuals out of a population	5
9555356012	Uniform dispersion	individuals are evenly distributed	6
9555356013	Clumped dispersion	individuals are aggregated in patches - plants and fungi are often clumped where soil conditions and other environmental factors favor germination and growth.	7
9555356014	Territoriality	the defense of a bounded space against other individuals -competition for territory may limit density	8
9555356015	Random dispersion	the position of each individual is independent of other individuals	9
9555356016	Demography	the study of the vital statistics of population and how they change over time -death rates, birth rates, migration rates, survivorship rates, reproductive rates	10
9555356017	Life table	an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population	11
9555356018	Cohort	group of individuals of the same age	12
9555356019	Survivorship curve	a graphic way of representing the data in a life table	13
9555356020	Type I	low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older groups	14
9555356021	Type II	a constant death rate over the organism's life span	15
9555356022	Type III	high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors	16
9555356023	Reproductive rate	measured as the average number of female offspring produced by females in a given age-group	17
9555356024	Reproductive table	fertility schedule age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population	18
9555356025	Zero population growth (ZPG)	when the birth rate = the death rate	19
9555356026	exponential population growth	population increase idealized conditions under these conditions, the rate of increase is at its maximum, denoted as rmax equation of exponential population growth --- dN/dt = rinstN	20
9555356027	Carrying capacity (K)	the maximum population size the environment can support	21
9555356028	Logistic population growth	the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached dN/dt = rinstN((K-N)/K)	22
9555356030	Life history	comprises the traits that affected its schedule of reproduction and survivial -life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in teh development, physiology, and behavior of an organism	23
9555356031	Life history diversity	-the age at which reproduction begins -how often the organism reproduces -how many offspring are produced per reproductive	24
9555356032	Semelparity	big bang reproduction highly variable or unpredictable environments favor ___________	25
9555356033	Iteroparity	repeated reproduction dependable environment favor __________	26
9555356034	K-selection	density-dependent selection, selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density	27
9555356035	r-selection	density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction	28
9555356036	Density-independent populations	birth rate and death rate do not change with population density	29
9555356037	Density-dependent population	birth rates fall and death rates rise with population density	30
9555356038	Competition for resources	increasing population density intensifies competition for resources and results in lower birth rate	31
9555356039	Disease	population density can influence the health of survival or organisms pathogens can spread more rapidly	32
9555356040	Predation	as the prey population builds up, predators may feed preferentially on that species	33
9555356041	Intrinsic Factors	____________ (physiological) factors appear to regulate population size	34
9555356042	Toxic waste	accumulation of toxic wastes can contribute to density-dependent regulation of population size	35
9555356043	Population dynamics	focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variations in population size	36
9555356044	Metapopulations	groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration -local populations in a metapopulation occupy patches of suitable habitat surrrounded by unsuitable habitat -local populations lost through exctinctions can be recolonized by immigration from other patches	37
9555356045	Demographic transition	the move from the first state to the second state	38
9555356046	Age structure	the relative number of individuals at each age	39
9555356047	population ecology	the study of populations in relation to their environment; explores how biotic and abiotic facts influences the abundance, dispersion, and age structure of populations	40
9555356048	Mark-recapture method	The number of marked animals captured in the second sampling (x) divided by the total num- ber of animals captured in the second sampling (n) should equal the number of individuals marked and released in the first sampling (s) divided by the estimated population size (N): (x/n)=(s/N); N=(sn)/x	41