AP Biology Chapter 16: DNA and Replication Flashcards

8310049872	DNA replication	The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
8310049873	transformation	(1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer	1
8310049874	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage	2
8310049875	virus	An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some viruses, a membranous envelope	3
8310049877	double helix	The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape.	4
8310049878	antiparallel	Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' S 3' directions)	5
8310049879	3.4 nm and 10 nucleotides	length between 2 nucleotides and # of nucleotides per turn	6
8310049880	2 hydrogen bonds	adenine forms	7
8310049881	3 hydrogen bonds	guanine forms	8
8310049882	2 nm	diameter of the double helix	9
8310049883	semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand	10
8310049884	conservative model	the two parental strands somehow come back together after the process	11
8310049885	dispersive model	all four strands of DNA following replication have a mixture of old and new DNA	12
8310049886	origin of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides	13
8310049887	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized.	14
8310049888	helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.	15
8310049889	single-strand binding protein	A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA	16
8310049890	topoisomerase	A protein that breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, ________ helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork	17
8310049891	primer	A short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication	18
8310049892	primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template	19
8310049893	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing chain. There are several different ________; ________ III and _______ I play major roles in DNA replication in E. coli.	20
8310049895	nucleoside triphosphate	a nucleoside (a sugar and base) with three phosphate groups. where each added nucleotide comes from	21
8310049896	leading strand	The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' S 3' direction	22
8310049897	lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' S 3' direction away from the replication fork	23
8310049898	okazaki fragment	A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA. about 1000-2000 nucleotides in bacteria and 100-200 in eukaryotes	24
8310049899	sliding clamp	DNA pol III is closely associated with this. it encircles the newly synthesized double helix like a doughnut. it moves DNA pol III along the DNA template strand	25
8310049900	overview of lagging strand		26
8310049901	DNA polymerase III	adds nucleotides to the primer in the 3' direction	27
8310049902	DNA polymerase I	in the lagging strand, replaces RNA primer nucleotides with DNA nuceleotides	28
8310049903	DNA ligase	A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment (such as an Okazaki fragment) to the 5' end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain)	29
8310049905	1/10^10 and 1/10^5	completed error rate and error rate	30
8310049906	mismatch repair	The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides	31
8310049907	nuclease	An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides	32
8310049908	nucleotide excision repair	A repair system that removes and then correctly replaces a damaged segment (usually DNA pol I) of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide	33
8310049909	thymine dimers	the covalent linking of thymine bases that are adjacent on a DNA strand. causes the DNA to buckle and interfere with DNA replication	34
8310049910	telomeres	The tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule. ________ protect the organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. repeating TTAGGG sequence between 100 and 1000 times	35
8310049911	telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells	36
8310049912	negative	charge of the backbone	37
8310049913	histones	responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	38
8310049914	H2A, H2B, H3, H4	four common types of histone	39
8310049915	nucleosome	the "bead" on the string. the basic unit of DNA packing. 10 nm in length	40
8310049916	linker DNA	the DNA between nucleosomes	41
8310049923	nucleoid	A non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated	42
8310049924	chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	43
8310049925	heterochromatin	Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed	44
8310049926	euchromatin	The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription	45
8310049927	depurination	type of DNA damage in which a purine base is removed	46
8310049928	deamination	type of DNA damage in which an amine group is removed from a molecule	47
8310049931	phosphodiester bond	the bond between two nucleotides	48
8310049932	major groove	occurs where the backbones of DNA are far apart	49
8310350968	minor groove	occurs where the backbones of DNA are closer together	50