AP Biology Chapter 22 Flashcards

4924437486	Species	The ability to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring.	0
4924437487	Reproductive Isolation	Pre-zygotic: before zygote Post-zygotic: after zygote	1
4924437489	Temporal Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Differences in timing of breeding cycles prevent reproduction.	2
4924437490	Behavioral Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Differences in courtship behaviors prevent mating from taking place.	3
4924437491	Habitat Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Two species who occupy different habitats within the same area may not encounter each other, and therefore do not reproduce.	4
4924437492	Mechanical Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Morphological differences prevent reproductive success.	5
4924437493	Gamete Isolation	Pre-zygotic. Sperm of one egg may not be able to fertilize the egg of another species.	6
4924437494	Reduced Hybrid Fertility	Post-zygotic. Chromosome incompatibility make offspring of two different species infertile.	7
4924437495	Reduced Hybrid Viability	Post-zygotic. In some species a hybrid zygote will form, but will not complete development or is born frail.	8
4924437496	Hybrid Breakdown	Post-zygotic. Original hybrids are robust and vigorous, however, offspring of these hybrids are small and/or sterile.	9
4924437497	Allopatric Speciation	The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.	10
4924437498	Sympatric Speciation	The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.	11
4924437499	Adaptive Radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles in their communities (availability of habitats increases rates of speciation).	12
4924437500	Polyploidy	Cells fail to divide and tissue becomes tetraploid. Tetraploid tissue makes diploid gametes continuing polyploidy (creates an extra set(s) of homologous chromosomes).	13
4924437501	Gradualism	The hypothesis that evolution proceeds chiefly by the accumulation of gradual changes.	14
4924437502	Punctuated Equilibrium	The hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change.	15
4924437503	Speciation	The process by which one species splits into two or more species.	16
4924437505	Hybrid Zone	A region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry.	17
4924437506	Morphological Species Concept	Characterizes a species by body shape and other structural features.	18
4924437507	Ecological Species Concept	Characterizes a species by its ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the nonliving and living parts of its environment.	19
4924437508	Phylogenetic Species Concept	Characterizes a species as the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor, forming one branch on the tree of life.	20
4926870843	Reinforcement	Strengthening reproductive barrier	21
4926871410	Fusion	Wearing of reproductive Barrier	22
4926872153	Stability	Continued production of hybrid individual	23