Ap Biology Chapter 11 Flashcards

5004955255	Microbes	The key to scientists understanding cell signaling (yeast)	0
5004972401	Signal transduction pathway	A series of steps by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response	1
5004977272	Prokaryotes	The first cell signaling occurred here and was modified by Eukaryotes	2
5004988102	Quorum sensing	Signaling molecules allows bacteria to detect population density	3
5004996059	Autoinducers	Bacteria signals	4
5005001505	Local regulators	Messenger molecules that travel only short distances in animal cells	5
5005005354	Hormones	Long distance signaling in plants and animals	6
5005008182	Earl W. Sutherland	He discovered how epinephrine acts on cells	7
5005013350	Ligand	a signal molecule	8
5005015982	Polar	Most signal molecules are	9
5005026655	G proteins	The on/off switch - If GDP is bound to the G protein then the G protein is inactive	10
5005038280	Receptor tyrosine kinases	Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosine	11
5005048853	G protein coupled receptors	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein	12
5005055527	60%	What percentage of medicine works with G proteins	13
5005061807	Ligand gated ion channels	A receptor that acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape (important in nerves)	14
5005073619	Intracellular receptors	Receptors in the cytoplasm	15
5005079264	Protein kinases	Enzymes that transfer phosphates from ATP to protein (known as phosphorylation)	16
5005088041	Protein phosphates	Proteins that remove phosphates from proteins (known as dephosphorylation)	17
5005100957	Second messengers	Small non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion	18
5005111467	cAMP	One of the most widely used second messengers	19
5005118029	Adenylyl cyclase	An enzyme in the plasma membrane converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal	20
5005125926	Calcium (ion Ca²)	Another major secondary messenger	21
5005136024	Inosital triphosphate (IP₃) and Diacylglycerol	Additional secondary messengers	22
5005151191	Transcription factor	One of the final molecules that can be activated	23
5005157134	Multi-step pathways (uses)	Amplifying the signal and contributing to the specificity of the responses	24
5005176299	Scaffolding proteins	Large relay proteins to which other relay proteins are attached to increase the signal transduction efficiency.	25
5005186440	Apoptosis	A programmed death of cells that are then chopped and packaged in vesicles to be digested by other cells	26
5005200134	Blebbing	An old broken down cell that was apoptosising	27
5005216978	Alzheimes and Parkinson's	Diseases related to apoptosis	28
5005222182	Caspases	The main porteases that carry out apoptosis	29