AP Biology: A Tour of the Cell Flashcards
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| 7427988339 | basic features of all cells include | - plasma membrane - cytoplasm - chromosomes - ribosomes | 0 | |
| 7427988340 | defining characteristics of prokaryotic cells | - no membrane bound nucleus - DNA located in an area called nucleoid - no membrane bound organelles - small |  | 1 |
| 7427988341 | define nucleoid in prokaryotic cell | area where DNA is found in prokaryotic cells |  | 2 |
| 7427988342 | define pili in prokaryotic cell | used for attachment, conjunction on bacteria cells | 3 | |
| 7427988343 | define ribosomes in prokaryotic cell | make proteins | 4 | |
| 7427988344 | define plasma membrane in prokaryotic cell | membrane around cytoplasm | 5 | |
| 7427988345 | define cell wall in prokaryotic cell | structure outside of cell membrane; made of peptidoglycan for many bacteria | 6 | |
| 7427988346 | define capsule in prokaryotic cell | jelly like outer coating | 7 | |
| 7427988347 | define flagella in prokaryotic cell | tail for movement | 8 | |
| 7427988348 | 3 main jobs for cells | 1. make proteins (proteins control every cell function) 2. make energy (for daily life, for growth) 3. make more cells (growth, repair, renewable) | 9 | |
| 7427988349 | Organelles involved in building proteins | nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, ribosomes, ER, and golgi apparatus | 10 | |
| 7427988350 | function of nucleus in building proteins | protects and houses DNA | 11 | |
| 7427988351 | function of nuclear membrane in building proteins | double membrane; fused in spots to create pores (allows large macromolecules to pass through) | 12 | |
| 7427988352 | function of nucleolus in building proteins | ribosome production-builds ribosome subunits from RNA and proteins, exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm to form functional ribosomes | 13 | |
| 7427988353 | function of ribosomes in building proteins | protein production (rRNA and protein combine) free ribosomes-suspended in cytosol, synthesize proteins that function in cytosol bound ribosomes-attached to endoplasmic reticulum, synthesize proteins for export or for membranes | 14 | |
| 7427988354 | function of endoplasmic reticulum in building proteins | processes proteins, manufactures membranes, synthesis and hydrolysis of many compounds | 15 | |
| 7427988355 | function of SMOOTH ER | (no ribosomes) membrane production, many metabolic processes, synthesize lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids, and sex hormones), hydrolyze glycogen into glucose in liver, detoxify drugs and poisons in liver | 16 | |
| 7427988356 | function of ROUGH ER | (ribosomes) produce proteins for export out of the cell (protein secreting cells, packaged into vesicles for export) | 17 | |
| 7427988357 | function of golgi apparatus in building proteins | finishes, sorts, tags, and ships cell products; adds carbohydrates to proteins called glycoproteins; ships products in vesicles (membrane sacs) | 18 | |
| 7427988358 | cis face of golgi apparatus | receiving side of golgi | 19 | |
| 7427988359 | trans face of golgi | shipping side of golgi | 20 | |
| 7427988360 | protein assembly line | nucleus-ribosome-ER-golgi-vesicles | 21 | |
| 7427988361 | what are the only kinds of cell lysosomes are in | animal cells | 22 | |
| 7427988362 | function of lysosomes | digesting macromolecules and cleaning up broken down organelles | 23 | |
| 7427988363 | structure of lysosomes | vesicle of digestive enzymes | 24 | |
| 7427988364 | digestion in a cell consists of | lysosomes fusing with food vacuoles, polymers digested into monomers that pass to cytosol to become nutrients of the cell | 25 | |
| 7427988365 | lysosomal enzymes have an optimal pH of | 5 | 26 | |
| 7427988366 | define apoptosis | process where lysosomes break open and kill cell | 27 | |
| 7427988367 | example of lysosomal storage disease | tay sachs | 28 | |
| 7427988368 | similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts | - transform energy (generate ATP) - double membranes - semiautonomous (move, changes shape, divide) - internal ribosomes, DNA, and enzymes | 29 | |
| 7427988369 | function of mitochondria | cellular respiration: generate ATP from breakdown of sugars, fats, and other fuels, in the presence of oxygen breakdown larger molecules into to smaller to generate energy | 30 | |
| 7427988370 | structure of mitochondria | - 2 membranes: smooth outer membrane, highly folded inner membrane (cristae) ~ increases surface area - fluid filled space between membranes - mitochondrial matrix - DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes | 31 | |
| 7427988371 | cellular respiration equation | glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy | 32 | |
| 7427988372 | what class of structure are chloroplasts in | plastids | 33 | |
| 7427988373 | what do amyloplasts do | store starch in roots and tubers | 34 | |
| 7427988374 | what do chromoplasts do | store pigments for fruits and flowers | 35 | |
| 7427988375 | what do chloroplasts do | store chlorophyll and function in photosynthesis. in leaves, other green structures, and in eukaryotic algae | 36 | |
| 7427988376 | chloroplast structure | stroma, thylakoids (grana) | 37 | |
| 7427988377 | what is the stroma of a chloroplast | internal fluid filled space (DNA, ribosomes, enzymes) Stroma=Space | 38 | |
| 7427988378 | what are thylakoids of a chloroplast | membranous sacs where ATP is made; grana are stacks of thylakoids | 39 | |
| 7427988379 | photosynthesis equation | carbon dioxide + water + energy (sunlight)--> glucose + oxygen | 40 | |
| 7427988380 | functions of chloroplasts | photosynthesis: generate ATP and synthesize sugars (transform solar energy into chemical energy, produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water) | 41 | |
| 7427988381 | why are mitochondria and chloroplast different from other organelles | - organelles not part of endomembrane system - grow and reproduce (semiautonomous) - proteins primarily from free ribosomes in cytosol and a few from their own ribosomes - own circular chromosome (directs synthesis of proteins produced by own internal ribosomes) | 42 | |
| 7427988382 | what is the endosymbiosis theory | mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living bacteria and engulfed by ancestral eukaryote | 43 | |
| 7427988383 | define endosymbiont | cell that lives within another cell (host); one supplies energy, the other supplies raw materials and protection | 44 | |
| 7427988384 | what are contractile vacuoles | in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of the cell | 45 | |
| 7427988385 | what do food vacuoles fuse with | lysosomes | 46 | |
| 7427988386 | central vacuoles are found in | mature plant cells | 47 | |
| 7427988387 | functions of vacuoles in plants | - storage - stockpiling proteins or organic ions - depositing metabolic byproducts - storing defensive compounds against herbivores | 48 | |
| 7427988388 | what are peroxisomes | digestive enzyme sacs that deal with hydrogen peroxide | 49 | |
| 7427988389 | function of cytoskeleton | structural support: maintains shape of the cell, anchors organelles motility: cell locomotion (cilia, flagella, cyclosis) | 50 | |
| 7427988390 | microtubule structure and function | made of tubulin proteins functions: cell shape, organelle motility, cell division | 51 | |
| 7427988391 | where are microfilaments mostly used for | actin = muscle contraction | 52 | |
| 7427988392 | define plasmodesmata | channels that perforate the plant cell walls | 53 | |
| 7427988393 | define tight junction | membranes of neighboring cells to prevent leakage of extracellular fluids (buttons on shirt)--tissue | 54 | |
| 7427988394 | gap junctions define | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells | 55 |