Ap Biology Chapter 13 Flashcards

5855849112	Genetics	The study of heredity and variation	0
5855853405	Heredity	The transmission of traits from one generation to the next	1
5855855902	Variation	The differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings	2
5855867871	Genes	The units of heredity	3
5855869655	Locus	A specific location on a chromosome that a gene possesses	4
5855896984	Gemetes	Genes that are passed to the next generation through reproductive cells	5
5855900524	Asexual reproduction	One parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis	6
5855905187	Clone	A group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent	7
5855907993	Sexual reproduction	Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from both parents	8
5855915822	Life cycle	The generation-to-generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism	9
5855925880	Somatic cells	Has 23 pairs of chromosomes (Any cell other than a gamete)	10
5855937329	Karyotype	An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell	11
5855939397	Homologous chromosome	The two chromosomes in each pair	12
5855941844	Autosomes	The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not determine sex	13
5855969678	Diploid	Has two sets of chromosomes	14
5855972472	Haploid	A gamete that contains a single set of chromosomes	15
5855975485	Fertilization	The union of gametes	16
5855976883	Zygote	The fertilized egg	17
5855979294	Alternation of gerations	Plants and some algae exhibit life cycle cycles that include both diploid and haploid	18
5855996915	Sporophyte	The diploid organism makes spores	19
5856001269	Gametophyte	Each spore grows by mitosis into a haploid organism	20
5856013797	Meiosis I	A stage that results in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes by separating homologous chromosomes	21
5856027240	Meiosis II	A stage that results in four haploid daughter cells with unreplicated chromosomes by separating chromatids	22
5856039820	Interphase	A phase where chromosomes are replicated to form sister chromatids	23
5856047508	Prophase I	A phase where chromosomes begin to condense (occupies 90%)	24
5856054261	Synapsis	Homologous chromosomes loosely pair up and are aligned gene by gene	25
5856065831	Crossing over	Nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segmentts	26
5856068007	Chiasmata	X-shaped regions where crossing over occurred	27
5856071170	Metaphase I	A phase where tetrads line up at the metaphase plate, with one chromosome facing each pole and microtubules from each pole attach to the kinetochores	28
5856082596	Anaphase I	A phase where pairs of homologous chromosomes seperate but sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere	29
5856096520	Telophase I	A phase where each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes	30
5856112532	Cytokinesis	Occurs simultaneously with Telophase I and forms two haploid daughter cells	31
5856125197	Prophase II	A phase where a spindle apparatus forms and chromosomes move toward the metaphase plate	32
5856134816	Metaphase II	A phase where sister chromatids are arranged at the metaphase plate and the kinetochores of sister chromatids attach to microtubules	33
5856151693	Anaphase II	A phase where the sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles	34
5856162241	Telophase II	A phase where the chromosomes arrive at the opposite plates, nuclei form, and the chromosomes begin decondensing	35
5856172931	Cytokinesis II	Separates the cytoplasm (the final separation)	36
5856190893	Mutations	The original source of genetic diversity	37
5856204790	Interdependent assortment of chromosomes	Each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologues into daughter cells independently of the other pairs	38
5856222829	Recombinant chromosomes	The combination of genes inherited from each parent	39
5856228159	Random fertilization	The fusing of any sperm with any ovum	40