BRVGS AP Biology - Unit 3 - Biochemistry Flashcards

5255678595	polarity	Molecules having uneven distribution of charges	0
5255682044	hydroxyl group	A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water (polar)	1
5255688060	amino group	A functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Found in amino acids.	2
5255692459	phosphate group	A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms. Found in nucleic acids and ATP (among other things)	3
5255832646	hydrophilic	Attracted to water; polar	4
5255840537	hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; nonpolar	5
5255856793	condensation	A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water; also called dehydration reaction.	6
5255861752	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	7
5255944621	carbohydrate	Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of CH2O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose); main source of energy in living things	8
5255962023	starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	9
5255966245	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	10
5255969372	cellulose	A large polysaccharide composed of many glucose monomers linked into cable-like fibrils that provide structural support in plant cell walls.	11
5255953871	lipid	Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.	12
5255981473	saturated fat	A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms; solid at room temperature	13
5255985365	unsaturated fat	A lipid that has fewer hydrogen atoms because double bonds exist among some of the carbon atoms; liquid at room temperature	14
5296990033	1st Law of Thermodynamics	Energy can neither be created nor destroyed	15
5297010807	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	Entropy (disorder) will increase in a system over time	16
5297013137	endergonic/endothermic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy/heat from its surroundings.	17
5297014184	exergonic/exothermic reaction	Reaction that releases free energy/heat.	18
5297014805	catabolic reaction	Complex molecules are broken down to simpler ones and energy is released; i.e. hydrolysis reactions	19
5297101209	anabolic reaction	Building a large macromolecule from smaller subunits, requiring energy; i.e. condensation/dehydration reactions	20
5297227170	metabolism	All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism	21
5297229606	nucleic acids	Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; used as genetic information	22
5298245399	purines	Bases with a double-ring structure; adenine and guanine	23
5298246593	pyrimidines	Bases with a single-ring structure; thymine, cytosine, and uracil	24
5318940534	antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	25
5297234856	protein	A macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; performs a variety of structural and regulatory functions for cells	26
5297269654	primary structure	the basic sequence of amino acids	27
5297269655	secondary structure	The folding of the backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between amino acids; forms alpha helices and beta pleated sheets	28
5297271006	tertiary structure	Structure of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges; consists of multiple secondary structures	29
5297269656	quaternary structure	The protein shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. i.e. hemoglobin has four smaller subunits	30
5297240425	enzymes	Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things; lower the activation energy of a reaction	31
5297245028	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	32
5297248505	active site	The part of an enzyme where the substrate binds and a chemical reaction occurs.	33
5297250783	competitive inhibitor	A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.	34
5297252032	allosteric regulation	When a protein's function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site.	35
5297253505	coenzyme	an ORGANIC compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme	36
5297260046	cofactor	any general compound that is needed for an enzyme to function	37