AP Biology: Big Idea 2 Flashcards

7821528912	entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness.	0
7821528913	endergonic reaction	Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.	1
7821528914	exergonic reaction	Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.	2
7821528915	ATP (adenosine triphosphate)	Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.	3
7821528916	endothermic	Animals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.	4
7821528917	ectothermic	Animals that gain heat mostly from external sources.	5
7821528918	homeostasis	"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".	6
7821528919	heterotroph	Organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes.	7
7821528920	chemosynthesis	Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates.	8
7821528921	autotroph	Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds.	9
7821528922	chlorophyll	Green pigment located within the chloroplasts.	10
7821528923	stomata	Microscopic pores in the leaf which lets carbon dioxide in and oxygen out. Also where water is lost.	11
7821528924	grana	Stack of thylakoids.	12
7821528925	stroma	Fluid inside the chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle happens.	13
7821528926	thylakoid	Flattened membranes in the chloroplast where the light reactions take place.	14
7821528927	photosynthesis equation	H2O + CO2 + sun -> C6H12O6 + O2	15
7821528928	light reactions	Part of photosynthesis that involves light. ATP and NADPH are produced. Takes place on the thylakoid membrane.	16
7821528929	pigments	Molecules that absorb, reflect, or transmit light.	17
7821528930	photosystem	A cluster of pigments embedded into a thylakoid membrane (II then I).	18
7821528931	photolysis	In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependant reactions, two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.	19
7821528932	phosphorylation	Process of adding a phosphate group (i.e. what is done by ATP synthase to make ATP)	20
7821528933	carbon fixation	The initial incorporation of carbon into organic compounds.	21
7821528934	glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)	The intermediate molecule that will be eventually turned into glucose in the Calvin cycle	22
7821528935	RuBisCO	enzyme involved in the first step of carbon-fixation; must abundant enzyme on Earth	23
7821528936	Calvin cycle	Carbon fixation process in photosynthesis. Forms sugar and other organic compounds.	24
7821528937	chemiosmosis	Process by which protons are pumped into the thylakoid membrane. Protons passively flow through the ATP synthase, which leads to the synthesis of ATP.	25
7821528938	fermentation	A partial degradation of sugars that occur without the use of oxygen (only glycolysis).	26
7821528939	cellular respiration	When oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.	27
7821528940	electron transport chain	Breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen in several energy-releasing steps.	28
7821528941	glycolosis	Breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate.	29
7821528942	Krebs cycle	Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide.	30
7821528943	oxidative phosphorylation	When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP.	31
7821528944	ATP synthase	The enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.	32
7821528945	anaerobic respiration	Occurs by fermentation	33
7821528946	alcohol fermentation	When pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.	34
7821528947	lactic acid fermetation	When pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactic as am end product, with no release of carbon dioxide.	35
7821528948	polar	Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water. (Hydrophilic)	36
7821528949	nonpolar	No partial charges. Do not mix with water. (Hydrophobic)	37
7821528950	cohesion	Water molecules sticking to each other.	38
7821528951	adhesion	Water molecules sticking to other surfaces.	39
7821528952	specific heat	The heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree centigrade.	40
7821528953	heat of vaporization	The heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas at the same temperature.	41
7821528954	evaporative cooling	The property of a liquid whereby the surface becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a loss of highly kinetic molecules to the gaseous state.	42
7821528955	plasma membrane	The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition.	43
7821528956	diffusion	When a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Due to entropy.	44
7821528957	osmosis	The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.	45
7821528958	passive transport	Transport of a substance across a cell membrane by diffusion. Going with a concentration gradient.	46
7821528959	active transport	When a cell gets materials or excretes them by using its own energy, usually through ATP; going against a concentration gradient.	47
7821528960	hypertonic	Describes a solution that has a greater concentration of total solute.	48
7821528961	hypotonic	Describes a solution that has a lesser concentration of total solute.	49
7821528962	isotonic	Describes solutions that have an equal concentration of total solutes.	50
7821528963	turgor pressure	The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself against the cell wall.	51
7821528964	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	52
7821528965	selective permeability	A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	53
7821528966	amphipathic	Molecules are said to be this when it has regions that are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.	54
7821528967	fluid mosaic model	Structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer.	55
7821528968	transmembrane proteins	Integral proteins that span the membrane.	56
7821528969	glycolipids	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids.	57
7821528970	glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins.	58
7821528971	transport protein	A membrane protein that is responsible for moving hydrophilic substances from one side to the other.	59
7821528972	channel protein	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that has a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or atomic ions use as a tunnel.	60
7821528973	aquaporin	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.	61
7821528974	carrier protein	A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that holds onto molecules and changes their shapes in a way that shuttles them across the membrane.	62
7821528975	concentration gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	63
7821528976	osmoregulation	The control of water balance.	64
7821528977	facilitated diffusion	Passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy.	65
7821528978	membrane potential	The voltage of a plasma membrane.	66
7821528979	gated channel	A protein channel in a cell membrane that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus.	67
7821528980	phagocytosis	Process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell.	68
7821528981	endomembrane system	A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.	69
7821528982	smooth ER	Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and steroid sex hormones, and helps detoxify drugs and toxins.	70
7821528983	rough ER	A network of interconnected membranous sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm; covered with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins.	71
7821528984	Golgi apparatus	Stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum.	72
7821528985	lysosome	A cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes.	73
7821528986	cell wall	Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria.	74
7821528987	negative feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a steady state.	75
7821528988	positive feedback	A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.	76
7821528989	thermoregulation	Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.	77
7821528990	kinesis	A simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimuli.	78
7821528991	taxis	Automatic, oriented movement toward or away from some stimuli.	79
7821528992	innate immunity	Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.	80
7821528993	acquired immunity	Immunity that is present only after exposure and is highly specific.	81
7821528994	lymphocytes	White blood cells.	82
7821528995	antibodies	Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.	83
7821528996	inflammtory response	Innate response with the purpose of containing a site of damage, localizing the response, eliminating the invader and restore tissue function.	84
7821528997	histamine	Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.	85
7821528998	antigen	Any foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicits an immune response.	86
7821528999	B lymphocytes (B cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and secretes antibodies.	87
7821529000	T lymphocytes (T cells)	Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and acts directly against antigens in cell-mediated immune responses.	88
7821529001	antigen presentation	The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.	89
7821529002	memory cells	General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.	90
7821529003	primary immune response	Immune response the first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen. Does not peak until 10-17 days after exposure.	91
7821529004	secondary immune response	Immune response after the body has already been exposed to a specific antigen. Response is faster, of greater magnitude, and more prolonged.	92
7821529005	humoral immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies.	93
7821529006	cell-mediated immune response	The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.	94
7821529007	helper T cells	Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.	95
7821529008	cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells"	T cells that directly attack infecting organisms; these cells attack antigen labeled foreign or host tissue.	96
7821529009	density-dependent inhibition	The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another.	97
7821529010	mutualism	Symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship.	98
7821529011	commensalism	Symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.	99
7821529012	parasitism	Symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism, called the host, and consequently harms it.	100
7821529013	pathogen	An organism that causes disease.	101
7821529014	invasive species	Species introduced to new areas that often disrupt the indigenous communities.	102
7821529015	macrophage	A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in both specific and nonspecific immunity.	103
7821529016	cell differentiation	The process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.	104
7821529017	zygote	Diploid cell resulting from the union of a haploid egg and a haploid sperm.	105
7821529018	apoptosis	Programmed cell death.	106
7821529019	totipotent stem cells	Stem cell that can divide and become a full organism (i.e. the zygote)	107
7821529020	pluripotent stem cells	stem cell that can become any type of cell in an organism, but cannot actually divide into the full organism itself	108
7821529021	multipotent stem cells	stem cell that can become just a few different types (organ stem cells)	109
7821529022	homeotic (hox) genes	genes that control the general body blueprint of an organism; highly conserved through evolution	110