AP Biology: Unit 1 Flashcards

4815937705	Why are water molecules polar?	uneven distribution of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen	0
4815942451	What are the 4 properties of water?	cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, & universal solvent	1
4815948742	Cohesive behavior	the linking of like molecules; water molecules stick together causing water to have a high surface tension	2
4815953220	Adhesion	water molecules stick to other molecules	3
4815988505	Transpiration	water travels against gravity from roots to leaves in plants due to adhesion and cohesion	4
4815990991	Moderation of temperature	water has a high specific heat; it must absorb or give off a lot of energy before its temperature will increase or decrease	5
4815996373	Expansion upon freezing	ice floats at the top of large bodies of water, preventing them from freezing solid enabling a moderation of water temperature	6
4816002088	Universal solvent	things easily dissolve in water	7
4816006436	Hydrophilic substances	are water soluble and dissolve easily in water	8
4816008165	Hydrophobic substances	do not easily dissolve in water	9
4816012170	pH scale	runs from 0-14 measuring relative acidity and alkalinity ("basicity") of aqueous solutions	10
4816016782	Acids	have excess H+ ions and a pH below 7.0	11
4816018250	Bases	have excess OH- and a pH above 7.0	12
4816019999	Pure water	neutral with a pH of 7.0	13
4816022334	Buffers	substances that minimize the changes in pH within the body; a partnership between a weak acid and a weak base that forms as the acid dissolves in water	14
4816064265	Carbon	can form many molecules by bonding to 4 other atoms	15
4816067386	Hydrocarbons	compounds made only of H atoms that are covalently bonded to C	16
4816075049	Isomers	compounds with the same number of atoms but different structures, and therefore different properties	17
4821736762	Polymers	long molecules made of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds	18
4821752617	Monomers	small building blocks to polymers	19
4821763066	Carbohydrates	main source of energy, most abundant molecules for life, monosacchrides	20
4821913864	Oligosaccharides	short chain of 2 or more sugar monomers	21
4821941507	Polysaccharides	complex carbohydrates; straight or branched chain of 100s or 1000s of sugar	22
4821949606	Starch	plant storage of sugars, polysaccharide	23
4821953960	Cellulose	firebrick material in plant cell walls, polysaccharide	24
4821957806	Glycogen	energy storage in animal muscles and liver	25
4822004925	Lipids	most consist of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids (triglyceride), hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end can be saturated or unsaturated	26
4822018097	Saturated fatty acid	animal fats, linked to heart disease	27
4822020349	Unsaturated fatty acid	has 1 or more double bonds formed when a hydrogen is removed (plant fats)	28
4822062047	steroids '	4 fused rings (3 6-C rings and 1 5-C ring)	29
4822095589	Proteins	complex macromolecules that carry out bodily functions such as growth and repair, signaling between cells, defense against invaders, catalyze	30
4822107184	What is the structure of protein?	made of amino acids (20 different ones), held together by peptide bonds making polypeptide chains	31
4822165250	Primary	linear	32
4822169158	Secondary	coils (alpha helix) or folds (beta pleated sheet)	33
4822175703	Tertiary	hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding and other interactions among the R groups= overall shape	34
4822180314	Quaternary	more than one polypeptide chain are attached (collagen or hemoglobin)	35
4822192023	Denaturation	unraveling of protein/loss of 3D shape due to change in pH, temperature, salt conc; not able to function as a protein within the cell	36
4822202637	Fiborous protein	structure is in strands or sheets, water insoluble, strong	37
4822207749	Globular protein	folded in compact rounded shapes (tertiary structure), water soluble	38
4822217340	Nucleic acid	made of nucleotides (the monomers)	39
4822220593	Nucleotides	5-C sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), nitrogen containing base (A, T, G, C, U), and a phosphate group	40
4822234451	Purines	double ring, must match with a pyrimidine	41
4822239137	Pyrimidine	single ring, must match with a purine	42
4822253672	DNA	double stranded helix that carries heritable information	43
4822256997	RNA	single stranded, functions to translate the code from DNA to make proteins	44
4822344411	Specific heat	the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change by 1C	45
4822350544	Hydrophilic	any substance that has an affinity for water	46
4822354338	Colloid	stable suspension in fine particles of a molecule	47
4822357677	Hydrophobic	substances that are nonionic or non polar and seem to repel water	48
4822394984	Structural isomers	differ in arrangement of atoms	49
4822394985	Geometric isomers	have the same covalent partnerships but differ in their spatial arrangements	50
4822397374	Enantiomers	isomers that are mirror images of each other	51
4822422866	Phospholipid	make up cell membranes	52
4822429061	Steroids	lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings	53
4822434101	Cholesterol	steroid, common component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized	54
4822442463	Peptide bond	the chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid	55