AP Biology - Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life Flashcards

7174677828	Acid	compound that donates a proton (H+) when dissolved in a solution.	0
7174677829	Adhesion	force of attraction between different kinds of molecules	1
7174677830	Antiparallel	The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix. The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.	2
7174677831	Archaea	Microorganisms that live in extreme environments. (resemble bacteria but are not bacteria)	3
7174677832	Atom	The smallest particle of an element	4
7174677833	Atomic Mass	Number of protons and neutrons	5
7174677834	Atomic Nucleus	An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons.	6
7174677835	Atomic Number		7
7174677836	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)	main energy source that cells use for most of their work, energy currency for life	8
7174677837	Base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	9
7174677838	Buffer	mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range	10
7174677839	Calorie	Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C	11
7174677840	Catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	12
7174677841	Celsius	the metric temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.	13
7174677842	Chemical Bond	the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together	14
7174677843	Chemical Equilibrium	the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants	15
7174677844	Chemical Reaction	A change in which one or more substances are converted into new substances.	16
7174677845	Chitin	Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.	17
7174677846	Cis/Trans Isomer	Cis-trans isomers are stereoisomers, that is, pairs of molecules which have the same formula but whose functional groups are rotated into a different orientation in three-dimensional space.	18
7174677847	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	19
7174677848	Compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	20
7174677849	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.	21
7174677850	Covalent Bond		22
7174677851	Deoxyribonucleic Acid	(DNA) nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose	23
7174677852	Double Bond	a covalent bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons between two atoms	24
7174677853	Double Helix	The shape of a DNA molecule	25
7174677854	Energy	the ability to do work the capacity to cause change	26
7174677855	Enzyme	protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions	27
7174677856	Essential Element	A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce	28
7174677857	Eukaryotic Cell	cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.	29
7174677858	Evaporative Cooling	A property of water whereby a body becomes cooler as water evaporates from it.	30
7174677859	Evolution	The process through which species change over time	31
7174677860	Fat	A class of energy-giving nutrients; also the main form of energy storage in the body	32
7174677861	Fatty Acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	33
7174677862	Functional Group	An atom or group of atoms that determine the functions or properties of the compound	34
7174677863	Genomics	study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions	35
7174677864	Geometric Isomer	isomer that differs in the placement of groups around a double bond; cis/trans isomerism	36
7174677865	Glycogen	animal starch Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	37
7174677866	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	38
7174677867	Heat	the transfer of thermal energy	39
7174677868	Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state	40
7174677869	Hydrocarbon	Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen	41
7174677870	Hydrogen Bond	a weak interaction involving a hydrogen atom and a fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen atom	42
7174677871	Hydrolysis	the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.	43
7174677872	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory	44
7174677873	Inquiry	an official investigation or formal series of questions	45
7174677874	Ion	An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.	46
7174677875	Ionic Bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	47
7174677880	Isomer	Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different three-dimensional structures	48
7174677881	Isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	49
7174677882	Joule	SI unit of energy	50
7174677883	Kinetic Energy	the energy an object has due to its motion	51
7174677884	Law	a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work	52
7174677885	Lipid	macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes	53
7174677886	Matter	Anything that has mass and takes up space	54
7174677887	Model Organism	Mice, fruit flies, worms - organisms we use to understand biology because they are easy to maintain and have short generation times	55
7174677888	Molarity	the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution	56
7174677889	Mole	6.02x10^23 The SI unit for measuring the amount of a substance	57
7174677890	Molecular Mass	The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight.	58
7174677891	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	59
7174677892	Monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	60
7174677893	Natural Selection	A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.	61
7174677894	Negative Feedback	A response to changing conditions that acts to dampen or stop a system's reaction.	62
7174677895	Neutron	A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom	63
7174677896	Nonpolar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms	64
7174677897	Nucleic Acid	polymer of nucleotides; the genetic material of organisms.	65
7174677898	Nucleotide	monomer of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)	66
7174677899	Orbital	A region of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found.	67
7174677900	Organic Chemistry	the study of carbon compounds	68
7174677901	Peptide Bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	69
7174677902	Phospholipid	a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes	70
7174677903	Polar Covalent Bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	71
7174677904	Polymer	A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain.	72
7174677905	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	73
7174677906	Polysaccharide	A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides linked by dehydration reactions	74
7174677907	Positive Feedback	A control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus	75
7174677908	Potential Energy	energy that results from the position or shape of an object	76
7174677909	Prokaryotic Cell	cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles (bacteria and archeae)	77
7174677910	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	78
7174677911	Purine	double-ring nitrogenous base Adenine and Guanine	79
7174677912	Pyrimidine	single-ring nitrogenous base Cytosine and Thymine and Uracil	80
7174677913	Reactant	a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.	81
7174677914	Ribonucleic Acid	RNA Nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose	82
7174677915	Ribose	sugar in RNA	83
7174677916	Saturated Fatty Acid	Those where all carbons are filled with maximum number of hydrogen atoms	84
7174677917	Science	An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.	85
7174677918	Sickle-Cell Anemia	Condition where red blood cells assume an abnormal sickle shape	86
7174677920	Single Bond	a covalent bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons	87
7174677921	Solute	the substance that is dissolved	88
7174677922	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	89
7174677923	Solvent	In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.	90
7174677924	Specific Heat	the amount of heat necessary to increase the temperature of a substance	91
7174677925	Steroid	large family of chemical substances found in many drugs, hormones, and body components	92
7174677926	Structural Isomers	differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms	93
7174677927	Surface Tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a container of water	94
7174677928	Temperature	A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.	95
7174677929	Theory	a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations	96
7174677930	Trace Element	found in very small amounts in the body ex- calcium, iron, iodine	97
7174677931	Triacylglycerol	three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule.	98
7174677932	Triple Bond	A chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons	99
7174677933	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	a fatty acid that lacks some hydrogen atoms and has one or more points of unsaturation	100
7174677934	Valence Electron	Electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom	101