AP Biology Chapter 6 Flashcards
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| 7689697067 | light microscope | to magnify the image to see the nucleus and the cell membrane; the other organelles are too small to be seen | 0 | |
| 7689774874 | magnification | the enlargement of the specimen | 1 | |
| 7689783354 | electron microscope | bombards the specimen with electrons to see the cells organelles briefly | 2 | |
| 7689793440 | resolution | the clarity of the microscope | 3 | |
| 7689805788 | prokaryotes | -bacteria and archaea -no membrane or nucleus | 4 | |
| 7736981394 | nucleolid | -where DNA is concentrated -seen as a darkened spot inside the cell -not separated from cytosol | 5 | |
| 7737026327 | eukaryotes | -has a true nucleus with a nuclear envelope -is larger than prokaryote | 6 | |
| 7737316689 | organelles | internal structures of the cell | 7 | |
| 7737349893 | cytoplasm | the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane | 8 | |
| 7737816143 | cytosol | -the semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm -made up of 80% water with suspended particles | 9 | |
| 7737838095 | plasma membrane | allows oxygen and nutrients in, and lets waste out (semi permeable) -made of phospholipids and proteins -has hydrophilic heads and 2 hydrophobic tails |  | 10 |
| 7737870692 | nuclear envelope | -double membrane surrounding the nucleus -is perforated for RNA -the inner and outer membrane is fused at the pores |  | 11 |
| 7737889966 | nuclear lamina | a fiber network that surrounds the nucleus and helps maintain its shape |  | 12 |
| 7737308005 | chromosome | -found in the nucleus -help organize DNA -made of chromatin | 13 | |
| 7737962114 | chromatin | protein that makes chromosomes | 14 | |
| 7738286544 | ribosomes | -made of ribosomal RNA protein -they make proteins | 15 | |
| 7738341392 | bound ribosomes | attached to the nucleus of the ER |  | 16 |
| 7738394359 | free ribosomes | -suspended in the cytoplasm -makes the most proteins |  | 17 |
| 7738476445 | endoplasmic reticulum | there are two types: smooth and rough | 18 | |
| 7738485333 | smooth ER | -metabolism of carbohydrates -detoxification of poisons -synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, steroids, and sex hormones | 19 | |
| 7738505523 | rough (transitional) ER | synthesis of glycoproteins and secretory proteins | 20 | |
| 7738541048 | secretory proteins | -(in rough ER) wraps the protein in a membrane vessel -the vessel is plasma membrane and used for transport | 21 | |
| 7738564036 | golgi apparatus (body) | -transport vessel from the ER -works as a factory: it packages and ships -made of flattened membrane -has Cis and Trans | 22 | |
| 7738590465 | cis | -the top near the ER (the closest to it) -this is where material will enter the golgi | 23 | |
| 7738603729 | trans | -this is the bottom of the ER (opposite end) -the farthest from it -packages vessels of plasma membrane leave from here | 24 | |
| 7738619511 | lysosomes | -cell defense system -works by engulfing to break down and recycle material or waste -uses hydrologic enzymes -used by hydrolysis to digest macromolecules -can hydrolyze proteins, polysaccharides fats, and nucleic acids -made by the rough ER -carry out phagocytosis | 25 | |
| 7738773211 | vacuoles | empty membrane bound sacs | 26 | |
| 7738778093 | food vacuole | uses phagocytosis to hold food and nutrients | 27 | |
| 7738793475 | contractile vacuoles | -pumps out excess water out of the cell -provides a form of movement for some cells | 28 | |
| 7738809783 | central vacuole | -a large vacuole found in only plants -has tonoplasts -formed by smaller vacuoles produced by the ER and the golgi -can hold a reserve of proteins -can force the cell to grow by taking in water | 29 | |
| 7738869662 | tonoplasts | membrane that surrounds the central vacuole | 30 | |
| 7738896075 | mitochondria | -performs cellular respiration -generates ATP by using sugars and fats -found in eukaryotic cells -the amount of mitochondria is based on the cells demand for energy |  | 31 |
| 7738929971 | membrane of mitochondria | -has two layers of phospholipids with proteins embedded in them -outer membrane is smooth -inner has folds called CRISTAE | 32 | |
| 7738953066 | cristae | -increases the surface area -aids in the productivity of cellular respiration -increases the production of ATP | 33 | |
| 7738976950 | mitochondria matrix | contains enzymes, ribosomes, and mitochondrial DNA | 34 | |
| 7738992881 | chloroplasts | -contains plastids (for storing starch) -chlorophyll (pigmentation) -photosynthetic organelles | 35 | |
| 7739005181 | thylakoids | flattened membrane in the chloroplasts |  | 36 |
| 7739021000 | granum/grana | stack of thylakoids | 37 | |
| 7739040670 | amyloplasts | colorless (chlorophyll) plastid | 38 | |
| 7739058382 | chromoplasts | yellow and orange (chlorophyll) plastid | 39 | |
| 7739083233 | peroxisomes | -use oxidation to produce peroxide -detoxify alcohol | 40 | |
| 7739107476 | cytoskeleton | the network if fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm that works to -give mechanical support -maintain shape -provide locomotion -separate chromosomes in mitosis and meioisis -holds cell together -involved in cell reproduction and muscle movements | 41 | |
| 7739137312 | microfilaments | (of the cytoskeleton) -made of monomers; are polymers -forms a band beneath the plasma membrane which provides mechanical strength -generates cytoplasmic streaming and locomotion -provides a force of muscular contractions | 42 | |
| 7739178297 | intermediate filaments | 4 types: 1) keratin: found in epithelial cells, hair, and nails 2) nuclear laminas: forms a meshwork that stabilizes 3) neurofilaments: strengthen the axons of neurons 4) rimentins: provides mechanical strength | 43 | |
| 7739214638 | microtubules | -grow at each end, shrink by the release of Tubulin dimmers -participate in many cell activities, mainly motion | 44 | |
| 7739236544 | cilia | (made of microtubules) back and forth motion -tiny appendages |  | 45 |
| 7739256652 | flagella | tail-like movement |  | 46 |
| 7739266541 | ECM | -extra cellular matrix -things outside of the cell -found in animals cells -functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation -made of glycoproteins -can regulate the cells behavior as far as fluids -influences the activity of the genes in the nucleus | 47 | |
| 7739290798 | collagen | -found in the ECM -half of the total protein in our body -it forms strong fibers outside the cell | 48 | |
| 7739301544 | basal body | -anchors the flagellum -similar to the centriole | 49 | |
| 7739322356 | dyneins | -large proteins -connect microtubules: strengthening -called little minions to help movement | 50 | |
| 7739345993 | proteoglycans | network in which the collagen fibers are embedded | 51 | |
| 7739364370 | fibronectins | attach some cells to the ECM | 52 | |
| 7739385935 | intergrins | -receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membranes -spans the membrane -in the middle of the phospholipid bilayer | 53 | |
| 7739480896 | intercellular junctions | help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function | 54 | |
| 7739487841 | tight junction | -prevents leakage of enzymes, fluid, or chemical signals between cells -membrane of different cells is fused together | 55 | |
| 7739501977 | desmosomes | functions as an anchor to tie down each sell to form sheets of cell (tissue) | 56 | |
| 7739517342 | gap junctions | -allows a current for passage of material between cells -allows cells to exchange material -allows cells to send signals/communicate -allows cells to act as one | 57 |