AP Biology: Chapter 3 take 2 Flashcards
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| 4891621390 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells |  | 0 |
| 4891621391 | amino group | a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting of a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+ |  | 1 |
| 4891621392 | carbonyl group | a chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom |  | 2 |
| 4891621393 | carboxyl group | a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group |  | 3 |
| 4891621394 | enantiomer | chiral molecules that are mirror images of one another |  | 4 |
| 4891621395 | functional group | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions |  | 5 |
| 4891621396 | cis trans isomer | molecules that are locked into their spatial positions with respect to one another due to a double bond or a ring structure |  | 6 |
| 4891621397 | hydrocarbon | an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |  | 7 |
| 4891621398 | hydroxyl group | a chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom; molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols |  | 8 |
| 4891621399 | isomer | are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures |  | 9 |
| 4891621400 | organic chemistry | the branch of chemistry, originally limited to substances found only in living organisms, dealing with the compounds of carbon |  | 10 |
| 4891621401 | phosphate group | a chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer |  | 11 |
| 4891621402 | structural isomer | an isomer in which the atoms are arranged in a completely different order |  | 12 |
| 4891621403 | sulfhydryl group | a chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom |  | 13 |
| 4891621404 | alpha (a) helix | a coiled region consisting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between atoms of the polypeptide backbone |  | 14 |
| 4891621405 | amino acid | an organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group |  | 15 |
| 4891621406 | antiparallel | referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix |  | 16 |
| 4891621407 | beta (b) pleated sheet | one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth |  | 17 |
| 4891621408 | carbohydrate | a sugar or one of its dimers or polymers |  | 18 |
| 4891621409 | catalyst | a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |  | 19 |
| 4891621410 | cellulose | a structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages |  | 20 |
| 4891621412 | chitin | a structural polysaccharide consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods |  | 21 |
| 4891621413 | cholesterol | a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steriods |  | 22 |
| 4891621414 | condensation reaction | condensation is a chemical reaction in which one molecule is formed and one small molecule is lost |  | 23 |
| 4891621415 | dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |  | 24 |
| 4891621416 | denaturation in proteins | a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive |  | 25 |
| 4891621417 | denaturation in DNA | the separation of the two strands of the double helix |  | 26 |
| 4891621418 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | a nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and T |  | 27 |
| 4891621419 | deoxyribose | the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose |  | 28 |
| 4891621420 | disaccharide | a double sugar consisting of two monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction |  | 29 |
| 4891621421 | disulfide bridge | a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer |  | 30 |
| 4891621422 | double helix | the form of native DNA |  | 31 |
| 4891621423 | enzyme | a macromolecule serving as a catalyst |  | 32 |
| 4891621424 | fat | a lipid consisting of three fatty aids linked to one glycerol molecule |  | 33 |
| 4891621425 | fatty acid | a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain |  | 34 |
| 4891621426 | gene | a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA |  | 35 |
| 4891621427 | glycogen | an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals |  | 36 |
| 4891621428 | glycosidic linkage | a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |  | 37 |
| 4891621429 | hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water |  | 38 |
| 4891621430 | hydrophobic interaction | a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water |  | 39 |
| 4891621431 | lipid | any of a group of large biological molecules |  | 40 |
| 4891621432 | macromolecule | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction | 41 | |
| 4891621433 | monomer | the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |  | 42 |
| 4891621434 | monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides |  | 43 |
| 4891621435 | nucleic acid | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers |  | 44 |
| 4891621436 | nucleotide | the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |  | 45 |
| 4891621437 | peptide bond | the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acids and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction |  | 46 |
| 4891621438 | phospholipid | a lipid made up of glycerol joined by two fatty acids and a phosphate group | | 47 |
| 4891621439 | polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds | | 48 |
| 4891621440 | polynucleotide | a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain |  | 49 |
| 4891621441 | polypeptide | a polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |  | 50 |
| 4891621442 | polysaccharide | a polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |  | 51 |
| 4891621443 | primary structure | the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids |  | 52 |
| 4891621444 | protein | a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure | 53 | |
| 4891621447 | quaternary structure | the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide |  | 54 |
| 4891621448 | ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and U |  | 55 |
| 4891621449 | ribose | the sugar component of RNA nucleotides |  | 56 |
| 4891621450 | saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds |  | 57 |
| 4891621451 | secondary structure | regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone |  | 58 |
| 4891621452 | starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by alpha glycosidic linkages | | 59 |
| 4891621453 | steroid | a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups |  | 60 |
| 4891621454 | tertiary structure | the overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains |  | 61 |
| 4891621455 | triacylglycerol | a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to |  | 62 |
| 4891621456 | unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail |  | 63 |
| 4891621457 | X-ray crystallography | a technique used to study the three dimensional structure of molecules |  | 64 |