AP Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

4782541464	Fluid Mosaic Model		0
4782544212	phospholipid bilayer	proteins embedded in it, some have carbs attached; can all move laterally	1
4782556418	saturated lipids	more fluid at warm, tend to freeze at cold (solid)	2
4782556419	unsaturated lipids	more fluid at cold due to the kinks (double bonds), prevents freezing	3
4782566383	cholesterol	b/w lipids, prevents tight packing, only in animals, prevents from moving laterally	4
4782574210	emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	5
4782579323	amphipathic	have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions	6
4783282266	integral proteins	penetrate through membrane	7
4783284176	peripheral proteins	inside cell, not part of membrane structure	8
4783287500	Carbohydrates:	cell-to-cell recognition, glycoproteins and glycolipids	9
4783289643	semi-permeable	molecule needs to move through the hydrophobic core of membrane to cross the membrane (easy for small hydrophobic molecules e.g. non-polar, CO2, O2, hydrocarbons) (hard for ions, polar, hydrophilic)	10
4783293514	passive transport	move down the concentration gradient, no energy needed	11
4783295811	Diffusion	move from high concentration to low concentration	12
4783298198	Osmosis	movement of WATER, moves toward higher SOLUTE concentration, water will move from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution	13
4783300199	hypotonic solution	low conc of solutes, high conc of free water molecules	14
4783301968	hypertonic solution	high conc of solutes, low conc of free water molecules	15
4783304521	isotonic solution	equal conc of solutes	16
4783308820	Animal Cells need to be in isotonic	burst if in hypotonic, shrivel if in hypertonic	17
4783309995	Plant cells need to be in hypotonic	the roots need oxygen for cell respiration, so too much water can make them suffocate; hypotonic--> turgid/firm; isontonic--> flaccid/wilted; hypertonic--> plasmolysis/shrinks	18
4783318343	Contractile Vacuole	Paramecium - lives in fresh water (hypotonic) so he is a hypertonic, needs a way to not explode from intaking so much water - vacuoles contract and water comes through, fills up, and leaves through canals and gets shot out	19
4783328244	Facilitated Diffusion	passive, via transport proteins in the membrane (very specific for what they transport)	20
4783337516	Channel Proteins	tunnel for molecules to go through	21
4783337822	Carrier Proteins	changes shape as it moves the molecules across the membrane	22
4783340417	Active Transport	move up the concentration gradient, energy needed (ATP), transport protein needed	23
4783345400	Example of active transport: sodium- potassium pump	creates a membrane potential, electrogenic-creates a voltage gradient across a membrane or a difference in positive and negative charges (salty banana) inside of cell is more negative because 2 potassium going in and 3 sodium going out	24
4783354913	membrane potential	voltage across the membrane, difference in positive and negative between inside and outside	25
4783356982	electrogenic pump	helps create and maintain the membrane potential	26
4783363504	electrochemical gradient (for passive transport)	combination of concentration gradient and electrochemical gradient (pos/neg), molecules always diffuse down their electrochemical gradient; depends between each circumstance, could have different pulls and concentrations each time	27
4786111280	cotransport	the positive will tend to go towards the cell becasue the inside is negative; membrane protein that moves 2 solutes - e.g. the proton pump pumps in protons and sucrose	28
4786121992	exocytosis	transports large molecules outside of the cell via a transport vesicle, energy needed, vesicles migrate to plasma membrane and the vesicles spit out the contents outside of the cell	29
4786138757	endocytosis	transports large molecules into the cell, plasma membrane forms vesicles, requires energy Phagocytosis: taking in particles (eating) Pinocytosis: taking in liquids Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: taking in specific molecules that attach to receptors on the cell membrane (e.g. cholesterol)	30
4786161414	Reception of Signal by Target Cell	- specific binding - target cells: will have certain receptors in them - ligand (chemical signal binding to a receptor molecule) - most are cell membrane proteins	31
4786176197	Transduction of Signal	receptor shape is changed by the action of binding of the chemical signal - binding causes changes to occur in the cell that bring about a response	32
4786179666	Response	specific cellular response is triggered	33
4786183115	G-Protein-Coupled Receptors	- plasma membrane proteins with receptors on them - cell signaling pathway - signaling molecule comes from outside of the cell, chemical signal binds to the G Protein receptor, receptor changes shape and binds to G Protein - binding causes G Protein to exchange GDP for GTP (active) - G Protein moves along inside of the plasma membrane and binds to another membrane protein, and enzyme, and activates it - signals the enzyme and then backs off, enzyme sends a cellular response	34
4786271592	Ion Channel Receptors	- uses no ATP because it moves from high conc to low conc - have a "gate" that can open and close the channel - when ligand binds, the channel opens or closes allowing the flow or stopping the flow of ions - binds signal to receptor	35
4786297040	Intracellular Receptors	- lipid hormones (only these can get through plasma membrane) - inside the cell in the cytosol or in the nucleus - binds to the receptor inside the cell, they both go together into the nucleus and bind to the DNA which makes RNA and proteins	36
4787203887	Signal Transduction Pathways	- involves lots of P switching, or moving of molecules that act as messengers - protein phosphorylation cascade (keeps going over and over again) - increases number of activated proteins - P comes off the ATP and activates the next protein (chain)	37
4787207662	kinase	add phosphate to the reaction	38
4787211033	phosphatase	remove phosphate	39
4787226976	Second Messengers	- tiny non-protein molecules or ions that spread throughout the cell - cyclic AMP (cAMP) is converted from ATP and becomes a second messenger, activates other proteins to cause the response - can spread the signal through the cell more quickly because they are small and lots of them	40
4787241391	Cellular Responses	- signal is cell-specific - depends on proteins (receptors, relay proteins, enzymes etc) to carry out the response - different cell types have different proteins because they have turned on or off different sets of genes - must end the signal or turn off the response so the cell can be ready to accept a new signal (e.g. takes phosphates away, GTP goes off and GDP comes back on, etc.)	41