AP Biology Unit 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

7371379306	aqua	water	0
7371379307	phag	eat	1
7371383092	amphi	dual	2
7371384303	pori	small opening	3
7371386083	co	together	4
7371386990	trans	across	5
7371388392	genic	producing	6
7371389507	hyper	exceeding	7
7371390770	hypo	lower	8
7371392593	tonus	tension	9
7371394003	pino	drink	10
7371395285	allo	different	11
7371396815	ana	up	12
7371397777	cata	down	13
7371407699	facilitated diffusion	diffusion through transport proteins in the plasma membrane	14
7371408570	diffusion	passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration	15
7371411917	osmosis	diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	16
7371424452	concentration gradient	a region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases	17
7371426767	fluid mosaic model	a plasma membrane is a mosaic of protein molecules drifting in a fluid phospholipid bilayer	18
7371431500	first law of thermodynamics	energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed	19
7371492912	second law of thermodynamics	every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe (transformation of usable energy to heat)	20
7371494552	ligand	a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one	21
7371496791	catabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones	22
7371498439	anabolic pathway	a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules	23
7371503078	tonicity	the ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water	24
7371504308	isotonic	a solution that causes no net movement of water into or out of a cell	25
7371506812	hypertonic	a solution that will cause a cell to lose water	26
7371508406	hypotonic	a solution that will cause a cell to take up water	27
7371510313	plasmolysis	when a cell shrinks in hypertonic solution	28
7371512107	cytolysis	when a cell bursts in a hypotonic solution	29
7371513643	exergonic reaction	a spontaneous chemical reaction that releases free energy	30
7371524134	endergonic reaction	a nonspontaneous chemical reaction that absorbs free energy	31
7371525154	phosphorylation	the addition of a phosphate group (ADP is phosphorylated into ATP)	32
7371526433	activation energy	the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start	33
7371665151	substrate enters active site of enzyme		34
7371670959	enzyme/ substrate complex forms		35
7371673714	substrate is converted to products	image 3	36
7371694374	products leave the active site of the enzyme	picture 5	37
7371750556	exocytosis	moving molecules out of the cell through the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane	38
7371752513	endocytosis	the uptake of molecules through the formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane	39
7371765449	phagocytosis	endocytosis involving large particles or molecules	40
7371769062	pinocytosis	endocytosis involving fluid with dissolved solutes	41
7371770684	enthalpy	the total heat in a system	42
7371770719	entropy	a measure of disorder	43
7371775115	allosteric regulation	the binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of a protein at another site	44
7371776993	feedback inhibition/loop	a method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme in that pathway	45
7371782542	glycoprotein	protein with carbohydrate attached	46
7371794691	glycoprotein		47
7371797598	glycolipid	lipid with carbohydrate attached	48
7371799165	glycolipid		49
7371826510	peripheral membrane protein	blue thing?	50
7371834921	integral membrane protein	yellow things?	51
7371839546	cytoskeletal filaments	wavy things outside membrane	52
7371854756	cholesterol	yellow things?	53
7371858731	protein channel	purple thing?	54
7371864637	phospholipid bilayer		55
7371872304	sodium-potassium pump	transport protein that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell	56
7371874005	electrogenic pump	active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions	57
7371875883	proton pump	active transport protein that uses ATP to move hydrogen ions out of a cell against the concentration gradient	58
7371878938	cotransport	coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its concentration gradient	59
7371880788	aquaporins	channel protein that is used in osmosis	60
7371882609	membrane potential	difference in electrical charge across a cell's plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions	61
7441910991	turgor pressure	pressure of water on the plasma membrane in plant cells	62
7441929078	active transport	from low concentration to high concentration, opposite concentration gradient, requires energy	63
7441933129	passive transport	movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input	64
7668102507	aero	air	65
7668105937	an	not	66
7668108631	auto	self	67
7668108632	chemi	chemical	68
7668110458	chloro	green	69
7668112324	hetero	other	70
7668112325	meso	middle	71
7668114014	photo	light	72
7668114015	phyll	leaf	73
7668116263	troph	food	74
7668119352	fermentation	process of breaking down glucose (through glycolysis) into ethyl alcohol or lactic acid; produces limited ATP due to the lack of oxygen	75
7668121107	aerobic respiration	catabolic pathway where glucose is broken down completely into carbon dioxide and water in the presence of oxygen; produces 30-32 ATP	76
7668124189	redox reactions	chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another	77
7668126366	chemiosmosis	using a hydrogen ion gradient to drive the production of ATP	78
7668130238	facultative anaerobes	organism that produces ATP through aerobic respiration, and switches to fermentation when oxygen is not present	79
7668134373	obligate anaerobes	organisms that only carry out fermentation; some may be poisoned by the presence of oxygen	80
7668136223	mesophyll	leaf cells specialized for photosynthesis	81
7668147800	stomata	microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells on the underside of leaves and stems; used in gas exchange	82
7668149430	chlorophyll	a green pigment found in membranes within chloroplasts of plants and algae, and in the membranes of some prokaryotes	83
7668151578	carbon fixation	incorporation of carbon dioxide into an organic compound; done by autotrophs	84
7668153228	carotenoids	an accessory pigment (yellow or orange) that absorbs light of different wavelengths that chlorophyll cannot	85
7668158108	photosystem	light capturing unit in the thylakoid that contains chlorophyll in its reaction center	86
7668162905	cristae	infolding of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion; where oxidative phosphorylation takes place	87
7668166790	matrix	space inside the inner membrane; where the citric acid cycle takes place	88
7668166791	stroma	dense fluid inside the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids; where the light independent reactions take place	89
7668170239	thylakoid	flattened membrane stack inside a chloroplast; where the light dependent reactions take place, including photophosphorylation	90
7668173971	intermembrane space	small space to quickly accumulate protons (C)	91
7668186015	inner membrane	contains ETC and ATP synthase for oxidative phosphorylation (B)	92
7668200548	matrix of a mitochondria	has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the krebs cycle (blue)	93
7668217498	cristae	highly folded so as to increase SA:Volume ratio	94
7668238145	outer membrane of a mitochondria	contains transport proteins for shuttling pyruvates in mitochondrion	95
7668256812	double membrane	evidence for endosymbiosis, independent origin	96
7668276499	stroma	has appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Calvin Cycle	97
7668288349	thylakoid	has ETC and ATP synthase for phosphorylation	98
7668288350	granum	flat membrane sacs increase SA:Volume ratio and small internal volumes quickly accumulate ions	99
7668290812	lamella	connects and separates thylakoid stacks (grana)	100
7668335736	oxidation	losses electrons, becomes more positive, loses H or gains O, NADH to NAD+, H2) to O2, photophosphorylation	101
7668354364	reduction	gains electrons, becomes less positive, gains H or loses O, NAD+ to NADH, O2 to H2O, oxidative phosphorylation	102
7668373443	oxidation	complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance in a redox reaction	103
7668373444	reduction	complete or partial transfer of electrons to a substance in a redox reaction	104
7668379405	oxidative phosphorylation	the production of ATP using energy from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain coupled with chemiosmosis	105
7668382405	substrate-level phosphorylation	direct transfer of a phosphate group from an intermediate substrate to ADP	106
7668384829	photophosphorylation	process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate during the light reactions of photosynthsis	107