AP biology chapter 32 Flashcards

9179770290	animal characteristics	- eukaryotic - multicellular; body held together by structural proteins - no cell wall - Cells differentiate and specialize structurally and functionally; have nerve and muscle cells/tissue - heterotrophs - most exist in diploid cell form - most reproduce sexually	0
9179799594	hox gene	control the expression of many other genes that influence cell division, cell differentiation, and body plan development	1
9179811269	cleavage	- a diploid zygote and its subsequent daughter cells go through mitosis and divide, but without increasing in size - Cleavage produces a multi-cellular, hollow, ball-shaped embryo called a blastula	2
9179822392	gastrulation	- Blastula goes through gastrulation to make the gastrula, a more complex embryonic stage - Gastrulation involves the formation of layers of tissue that will develop into specific body parts	3
9179843375	origin of animals	- Animals probably evolved from a flagellated protist - First animals probably diverged from a common ancestor with protists about 1 bya - Oldest actual animal fossils found are 575 myo	4
9179851158	Cambrian explosion	dramatic increase in the number of animal species over a relatively short time (~20 my)	5
9179856304	hypotheses for Cambrian Explosion	- Evolution of predator - prey relationships - Increase in amount of atmospheric O2 - Evolution of Hox genes controlling development led to more possibilities in body forms	6
9179872677	Radical Symmetry	- Any slice through central axis divides animal into mirror image halves - Found in sessile animals allowing them to deal with the environment equally from all sides	7
9179872678	Bilateral Symmetry	- Only one slice divides animal into equal left & right halves - These animals have dorsal (top)/ventral (bottom) sides, left/right sides, and anterior (head)/posterior (tail) ends - Anterior CNS allows coordination of complex movements.	8
9179876275	Protostome Development	spiral cleavage and determinate, blastopore becomes mouth, Schizolcoelous	9
9179876276	Dueterostome Development	radical cleavage and indeterminate, blastopore becomes anus, Enterocoelous	10
9179906816	Diploblastic	animal embryos have two germ layers: ectoderm & endoderm	11
9179910179	Triploblastic	animal embryos have three germ layers: ecto, meso, & endoderm	12
9179913321	ectoderm	layer covering outside of embryo; forms outer covering of animal and central nervous system	13
9179913322	endoderm	innermost layer of embryo; forms lining of digestive tract, digestive organs, liver, and lungs	14
9179913323	mesoderm	layer between ecto and endoderm; forms muscles and other organs	15
9179924291	Body Cavity/Coelom	a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall - Found in some triploblastic animals - Fluid in coelom cushions organs - In some animals, it may contain non-compressible fluid that acts like a skeleton - Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall	16
9179939024	Coelomates	have a "true" coelom formed totally from mesodermal tissue; cavity is lined by mesoderm on all sides	17
9179945649	Pseudocoelomates	coelom forms from embryo's blastocoel cavity; outer wall of cavity is a muscle layer (from mesoderm) and inner wall is the digestive tract (from endoderm)	18
9179952118	Acoelomates	have no coelom	19
9180006042	Enterocoelous	mesoderm on the wall of the archenteron forms pockets that become the coelom	20
9180027598	Schizolcoelous	solid masses of mesoderm tissue split and form the coelom	21
9180042994	Spiral Cleavage	characteristic of protostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes diagonal to vertical axis; cleavage is determinant (a cell's final type is determined early on)	22
9180050235	Radial Cleavage	characteristic of deuterostomes; cells of embryo divide in planes parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis; cleavage is indeterminant (early cells each retain ability to become any cell type-even give rise to a new embryo if separated	23