Ap Biology Chapter 48 Flashcards

5199132303	Ganglia	Clusters of neurons(primitive brains)	0
5199138496	Sensory neurons	Sensors detect external stimuli and internal conditions and transmit information along these	1
5199150086	Interneurons	Neurons that integrate the sensory information sent into the brain or ganglia	2
5199157933	Motor neurons	Neurons that trigger muscle or gland activity	3
5199174044	Central Nervous System (CNS)	Where integration takes place; this includes the brain and a nerve cord	4
5199184145	Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	Brings information into and out of the CNS	5
5199189842	Cell body	Most of a neuron's organelles are here	6
5199193214	Dendrites	Highly branched extensions that receive signals from other neurons	7
5199200320	Axon	A much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells at synapses	8
5199207923	Axon hillock	Where the axon attaches to the cell body	9
5199212557	Synapse	A junction between an axon and another cell	10
5199216764	Synaptic terminal	One axon passes information across the synapse in the form of chemical messengers	11
5199226357	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers	12
5199231364	Presynaptic cell	A neuron	13
5199234244	Postsynaptic cell	A neuron, muscle, or gland	14
5199236739	Glia	Most neurons are nourished or insulated by this	15
5199244406	Membrane potential	A voltage (difference in electrical charge) across the plasma membrane	16
5199251604	Resting potential	The membrane potential of a neuron not sending signals	17
5199256089	Ion channels	The openings in the plasma membrane that convert chemical potential to electrical potential	18
5199293866	Equilibrium potential E(ion)	The membrane voltage for a particular ion at equilibrium and can be calculated using the Nernst equation	19
5199318996	Nernst equation	E(ion)=62mV*(log[ion](outside)/[ion](inside))	20
5199336125	Gated ion channels	Open and close in response to stimuli	21
5199339400	Hyperpolarization	An increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential	22
5199345619	Graded potentials	Changes in polarization where the magnitude of the change varies with the strength of the stimulus.	23
5199355627	Voltage-gated	Na and K channels that respond to a change in membrane potential	24
5199361218	Action potential	A strong stimuli results in a massive change in membrane voltage	25
5199366294	Refractory period	After an action potential, a second action cannot be initiated during this period	26
5199374147	120m/s	The speed of an	27
5199392903	Myelin sheaths	Insulates axons and causes an action potential's speed to increase	28
5199412749	Oliodendrocytes and Schwann cells	The 2 types of glia cells that make myelin sheaths	29
5199418112	Nodes of Ranvier	Action potentials are formed only in gaps in the myelin sheath where voltage-gated Na+ channels are found	30
5200398373	Saltatory conduction	Action potentials in myelinated axons jump between the nodes of Ranvier	31
5200415266	Synaptic vessicles	Where the preneuron synthesizes and packages the neurotransmitter	32
5200426024	Synaptic cleft	The gap of a synapse where neurotransmitters diffuse and are received by the postsynaptic cell	33
5200446728	Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)	Are depolarizations that bring the membrane potential toward threshold	34
5200456753	Inhbitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)	Are hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold	35
5200468359	Temporal summation	When 2 EPSPs are produced in rapid succession	36
5200483245	Spatial summation	EPSPs produced nearly simultaneously by different synapses on the same postsynaptic neuron add together	37
5200501398	Acetylcholine	A common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates	38