AP Biology : Chapter 48 : Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling Flashcards

9602102851	ganglia	simple cluster of nerve cells	0
9602102852	Sensory Neurons	transmit information from sensors that detect external stimuli using all different senses	1
9602102853	motor neurons	transmit signals to muscle cells causing them to contract	2
9602102854	Central nervous system (CNS)	In many animals, the neurons that carry out integration are organized in this, which includes the brain and a longitudinal nerve cord.	3
9602102855	peripheral nervous system (PNS)	the neurons that carry information into and out of the central nervous system constitute this.	4
9602102856	dendrites	a typical neuron has many of these, they are highly branched extensions that RECEIVE signals from other neurons.	5
9602102857	Axon	a neuron has a single one of these, which is an extension that TRANSMITS signals to other cells. Often much longer than dendrites.	6
9602102858	Axon hillock	the cone-shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body. this is typically a region where the signals that travel down the axon are generated.	7
9602102859	synapse	a junction that each branched end of an axon transmits information to	8
9602102878	synaptic terminal		9
9602102860	glia	cells that support neurons, through insulation, nourishment, etc. Ex. Schwann cells (forms myelin sheath)	10
9602102861	membrane potential	a voltage (difference in electrical charge). All cells have this.	11
9602102862	resting potential	the membrane potential of a resting neuron-one that isn't sending signals-typically between -60 and -80 mV (millivolts)	12
9602102863	ion channels	pores formed by clusters of specialized proteins that span the membrane	13
9602102864	equilibrium potential	the magnitude of the membrane voltage at equilibrium for a particular ion is called that ion's what?	14
9602102865	gated ion channels	ion channels that open or close in response to stimuli	15
9602102866	hyperpolarization	increase in the magnitude of the membrane potential is called this, which results from any stimulus that increases either the outflow of positive ions or the inflow of negative ions	16
9602102867	depolarization	this happens when the opening of some other types of ion channels makes the inside of the membrane less negative. Often involves gate sodium channels	17
9602102868	voltage-gated ion channels	open or close in response to a change in the membrane potential.	18
9602102869	action potential	nerve impulses/signals that carry information along an axon	19
9602102870	refractory period	the "downtime" following an action potential when a second action potential cannot be initiated. This interval sets a limit on the maximum frequency that action potentials can be generated	20
9602102871	Saltatory conduction	when the action potential appears to jump along the axon from node to node.	21
9602102872	Myelin sheath	a layer of electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons	22
9602102873	Nodes of ranvier	a gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells (g in picture)	23
9602102874	nerve net	(in invertebrates such as coelenterates and flatworms) a diffuse network of neurons that conducts impulses in all directions from a point of stimulus.	24
9602102875	Sodium potassium pump	pumps sodium out of cells while pumping potassium into cells, both against their concentration gradients.	25
9602102876	sodium channel	potassium-selective pores	26
9602102877	potassium channel	potassium-selective pores	27