AP Biology - Stem Cells Flashcards

7866246192	What are stem cells?	Unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through continued cell division - can give rise to differentiated cells	0
7866144086	What are the three general properties of stem cells?	They are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods They are unspecialized They can give rise to specialized cell types	1
7865921104	Embryonic stem cell	Cells that are derived from embryos, are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period.	2
7866406635	Where are ES cells harvested from? Explain.	Inner cell mass of blastocyst >once cleavage of embryo begins, this sphere of cells with flattened cavity formed ~in utero, 7 days after fertilization and before implants into endometrium	3
7866355819	Cell determination	where cell becomes committed to a developmental pathway, but has not yet differentiated (related to differential inheritance of cytoplasmic factors and interaction btw neighboring cells)	4
7866379729	Induction, which can lead to differentiation, is what? It is mediated by?	Induction, which can lead to differentiation, is interaction btw neighboring embryological cells; mediated by signaling molecules that trigger transduction pathways!	5
7865911837	Differentiation?	The process by which cells become specialized. During the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells. >related to differences in which gene are expressed	6
7865916580	Somatic stem cell	A cell found in many organs and tissues e.g. bone marrow, skin, brain; that can differentiate and self-renew. Most usually limited to cell types in the organ of origin.	7
7866275993	-ability of a stem cell to become different types of cells -decreases with differentiation	potency	8
7865945155	Totipotent	a stem cell can become any type of cell even extra embryonic membranes e.g. cells from very early cleavage stage...remember, when mammalian embryo splits naturally, identical twins result fyi- possible to produce totipotent cells	9
7865946651	Pluripotent	a stem cell can become any type of cell IN the human body ...but not supporting structures like placenta, chorion, or amnion which are needed for development	10
7865963261	Multipotent	a stem cell can become many cell types but not all	11
7866048547	self renewal	ability of stem cells to replicate themselves by dividing into the same non-specialized cell type over long time depending on the specific type of stem cell. (If used for therapy, want beneficial effect of stem cells to last long time in patient.)	12
7866132842	Induced pluripotent stem cell (IPSC)	Type of pluripotent stem cell, similar to an embryonic stem cell, formed by the introduction of certain embryonic genes into a somatic cell. -cell from the body that is reprogrammed --introduce a gene so cell "forgets what it is" and reverts back to a embryonic-like state	13
7866291114	What happens to pluripotent ES cells after harvested from [inner cell mass of] blastocyst?	grown in culture	14
7867007691	technique that combines enucleated egg and nucleus of somatic cell to make an embryo; can be used for therapeutic or reproductive (cloning) purposes, but the initial stage is same for both	Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)	15