AP Biology: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

8064477229	Element(s)	___ are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means	0
8064477230	Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen	although there are 92 natural elements, 96% of the mass of all organisms is made up of just four; name them in the order in which they are most present	1
8064477231	Trace (Elements)	the other elements that compose 4% of the mass of all organisms are known as ___ because they are only required in very small quantities	2
8064477232	Compound(s)	when two or more DIFFERENT types of atoms are combined in a fixed ratio, they form a chemical ___	3
8064477233	Bond(s)	chemical ___ hold compounds together	4
8064477234	Ionic	a(n) ___ bond is formed between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other; the atoms then attract each other due the electrostatic force	5
8064477235	Covalent	a(n) ___ bond is formed when atoms share electrons	6
8064477236	Polar	a(n) ___ covalent bond is one in which electrons are NOT shared equally; this results in slightly charged regions on the compound	7
8064477237	Nonpolar	a(n) ___ covalent bond is one in which electrons are shared equally	8
8064477238	Polar	water, H₂O, is a (polar / nonpolar) molecule	9
8064477239	Hydrogen (Bonds)	___ are WEAK chemical bonds that form when a hydrogen atom (that is covalently bonded to one electronegative atom) is also attracted to another electronegative atom	10
8064477240	Hydrogen (Bonds)	water molecules "stick" to each other by means of ___	11
8064477241	Hydrogen (Bonds)	because of ___, water can "stick" to polar substances and dissolve them; water is known as the universal solvent	12
8064477242	Cohesive	water is said to exhibit (cohesive / adhesive) forces because its molecules have a strong tendency to "stick" to each other	13
8064477243	Adhesive	water is said to exhibit (cohesive / adhesive) forces because its molecules have a strong tendency to "stick" to other substances	14
8064477244	High	water has a (high / low) surface tension because of the cohesiveness of its molecules	15
8064477245	High	water has a (high / low) heat capacity due to hydrogen bonds	16
8064477246	Acid	a solution is considered a(n) ___ if contains a lot of hydrogen ions (H⁺)	17
8064477247	Base	a solution is considered a(n) ___ if contains a lot of hydroxide ions (OH⁻)	18
8064477248	Alkaline(s)	bases are also referred to as ___	19
8064477249	pH (also pOH)	acidity and alkalinity are measured using ___, a scale numbered from 1 to 14 where 1 is extremely acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is extremely basic	20
8064477250	Organic	most of the chemical compounds in living organisms contain a carbon skeleton, and these molecules are said to be ____ because they contain carbon in that particular way	21
8064477251	Inorganic (Compounds)	molecules that do not contain carbon atoms are called ___	22
8064477252	Carbohydrate(s)	organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are called ___; they all contain these elements in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively	23
8064477253	Protein(s)	once a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself, if forms a three dimensional structure called a(n) ___	24
8064477254	Lipid(s)	like carbohydrates, ___ consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, but not in a 1:2:1 ratio	25
8064477255	Nucleic Acid(s)	___ are organic molecules that are made up of simple units called nucleotides	26
8064477256	Sugar	"saccharide" means ___	27
8064477257	Monosaccharide(s)	the simplest carbohydrates, composed of a single carbon ring, are called ___	28
8064477258	Glucose	___ is the most abundant monosaccharide; it is a six carbon sugar with the chemical formula C₆H₁₂O₆	29
8064477259	Fructose	___ is a common monosaccharide found in fruits	30
8064477260	Disaccharide(s)	when TWO monosaccharides are chemically linked by dehydration synthesis, they are now collectively referred to as a(n) ___	31
8064477261	Glycosidic (Bonds)	the bond between two glucose molecules, like that of the disaccharide maltose, are called ___	32
8064477262	Dehydration Synthesis	the process by which two molecules are synthesized into one by the release of a water molecule is called ___	33
8064477263	Hydrolysis	the process by which one molecule is separated into two by the addition of a water molecule is called ___	34
8064477264	Oligosaccharide(s)	more than two but not many linked monosaccharides are referred to as a(n) ___	35
8064477265	Polysaccharide(s)	many linked units of monosaccharides are called a(n) ___	36
8064477266	Polymer(s)	a molecule with repeating subunits is called a(n) ___	37
8064477267	Monomer(s)	the repeating subunits of a polymer are called ___	38
8064477268	Glycogen	animals store α glucose as the polysaccharide ___ in the liver and muscles	39
8064477269	Starch	plants store α glucose as the polysaccharide ___ in structures called plastids	40
8064477270	Cellulose	plants use β glucose as the polysaccharide ___, a major component of cell walls in plants	41
8064477271	Chitin	β glucose can be stored as the polysaccharide ___, which serves as a structural component of cell walls in fungus and the exoskeletons of arthropods	42
8064477272	Cannot	cellulose (can / cannot) be digested by humans because of the 1-4 glycosidic linkages between the β glucose molecules	43
8064477273	Amino Acid(s)	___ are the monomers of proteins; they contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; there are 20 different kinds; each is composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and hydrogen, and an R group	44
8064477274	Functional (Groups)	___ are distinctive groups of atoms that play a large role in determining chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of	45
8064477275	Peptide (Bonds)	___ are the bonds between amino acids	46
8064477276	Polypeptide(s)	if a group of amino acids are joined together in a "string," the resulting organic compound is called a(n) ___	47
8064477277	Lipid(s)	fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids are types of ___	48
8064477278	Triglyceride(s)	___, also known as fats, consist of three fatty acid "tails" and a glycerol molecule	49
8064477279	Ester (Linkage)	the linkage between a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids is called a(n) ___	50
8064477280	Saturated	fatty acids are said to be ___ if they contain only single covalent bonds	51
8064477281	Unsaturated	fatty acids are said to be ___ if they contain any double covalent bonds	52
8064477282	Phospholipid(s)	___ consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid "tails", and a phosphate "head"	53
8064477283	Phospholipid(s)	___ compose the majority of the membranes of cells	54
8064477284	Hydrophobic	the fatty acid "tails" of phospholipids are (hydrophobic / hydrophilic)	55
8064477285	Hydrophilic	the phosphate "heads" of phospholipids are (hydrophobic / hydrophilic)	56
8064477286	Amphipathic	a molecule is ___ if it has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	57
8064477287	Steroid(s)	all ___ have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings; this type of lipid includes cholesterol, vitamin D, and a variety of hormones	58
8064477288	Nucleotide(s)	___ are the monomers of nucleic acids, and they are composed of phosphate group, a five carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base	59
8064477289	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)	___ is a nucleic acid that contains the sugar deoxyribose; this nucleic acid is important because it contains genes that code for protein synthesis	60
8064477290	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)	___ is a nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose; this nucleic acid is important because it provides a means of communication between DNA and the ribosomes which carry out protein synthesis	61
8064477291	Heterotroph (Hypothesis)	the ___ is the hypothesis that the earliest forms of life arose from nonliving matter in the primitive oceans of Earth	62