AP Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

8348250425	anaphase	fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell	0
8348250426	anchorage dependence	the requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to the substratum	1
8348250427	benign tumor	a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin	2
8348250428	binary fission	the type of cell division by which prokaryotes reproduce; each dividing daughter cell receives a copy of the single parental chromosome	3
8348250429	cell cycle	an ordered sequence of events in the life of a eukaryotic cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two; composed of M, G1, S, G2	4
8348250430	cell cycle control system	a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle	5
8348250431	cell division	reproduction of a cell	6
8348250432	cell plate	a double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall form during cytokinesis	7
8348250433	centromere	the centralized region joining two chromatids	8
8348250434	centrosome	material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule organizing center	9
8348250435	checkpoint	a critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cycle	10
8348250436	chromatin	complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome; when a cell is not diving chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	11
8348250437	chromosome	a threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus; each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	12
8348250438	cleavage furrow	the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell;a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate	13
8348250439	cyclin	a regulatory protein whose concentration fluctuates cyclically	14
8348250440	cytokinesis	the division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately following mitosis	15
8348250441	density-dependent inhibition	the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another	16
8348250442	G0 phase	a nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle	17
8348250443	G1 phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	18
8348250444	G2 phase	the second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occur	19
8348250445	gamete	a haploid cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to form a diploid cell	20
8348250446	genome	the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.	21
8348250447	interphase	the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. 90% of the cell cycle	22
8348250448	M phase	mitotic phase; the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	23
8348250449	malignant tumor	a cancerous tumor that is invasive enough to impair the functions of one or more organs	24
8348250450	metaphase	the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate	25
8348250451	metastasis	the spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site	26
8348250452	mitosis	a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages; prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by equally allocating replicated chromosomes to each of the daughter nuclei	27
8348250453	mitotic (M) phase	the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis	28
8348250454	mitotic spindle	an assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis	29
8348250455	MPF	maturation-promoting factor (M-phase promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase	30
8348250456	prophase	the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin is condensing and the mitotic spindle begin to form, but the nucleu and nucleolus are still intact	31
8348250457	S phase	the synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated	32
8348250458	sister chromatids	replicated forms of chromosomes joined together by the centromere and eventually separating during mitosis or meiosis II	33
8348250459	somatic cell	any cell in multicellular organisms except a sperm or egg cell	34
8348250460	telophase	the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter cells are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun	35