AP Biology Chapter 3 Vocabulary Flashcards

7406141651	Covalent bond	A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons.	0
7406141652	Organic Chemistry	the chemistry of carbon compounds (other than simple salts such as carbonates, oxides, and carbides).	1
7406141653	Functional group	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	2
7406141654	Nucleic acid	A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA.	3
7406141655	Macromolecule	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules.	4
7406141656	Carbohydrates	A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).	5
7406141657	Triose	any of a group of monosaccharide sugars whose molecules contain three carbon atoms.	6
7406141658	Pentose	any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain five carbon atoms, such as ribose and xylose.	7
7406141659	Hexose	any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose.	8
7406141660	Catalyst	A process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.	9
7406141661	Hydrocarbons	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	10
7406141662	Isomers	One of two or more compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties.	11
7406141663	Structural isomers	One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.	12
7406141664	Cis-trans isomers	a term used in organic chemistry to refer to the stereoisomerism engendered in the relative orientation of functional groups within a molecule.	13
7406141665	Enantiomers	One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon.	14
7406141666	Adenosine triphosphate	Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleoside triphosphate, a small but surprising molecule used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer.	15
7406141667	Adenosine diphosphate	Adenosine diphosphate is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells.	16
7406141668	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.	17
7406141669	Monomers	The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.	18
7406141670	Enzymes	A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.	19
7406141671	Dehydration reactions	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	20
7406141672	Hydrolysis	A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.	21
7406141673	Monosaccharides	The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.	22
7406141674	Disaccharides	A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.	23
7406141675	Glycosidic linkages	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	24
7406141676	Polysaccharides	A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.	25
7406141677	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by α glycosidic linkages.	26
7406141678	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	27
7406141679	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages.	28
7406141680	Chitin	A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.	29
7406141681	Lipids	Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water.	30
7406141682	Fatty acid	A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride.	31
7406141683	Triglyceride	A triglyceride is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and animals, as well as vegetable fat.	32
7406141684	Saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	33
7406141685	Unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.	34
7406141686	Trans fat	unsaturated fatty acid of a type occurring in margarines and manufactured cooking oils as a result of the hydrogenation process, having a trans arrangement of the carbon atoms adjacent to its double bonds. Consumption of such acids is thought to increase the risk of atherosclerosis.	35
7406141687	Phospholipids	A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	36
7406141688	Steroids	A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached.	37
7406141689	Cholesterol	A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones.	38
7406141690	Hydrocarbons	An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.	39