AP Biology - Chapter 11 Flashcards

5126772613	signal transduction pathway	a series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response	0
5126772614	local regulators	a secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted (the red stuff)	1
5126772615	cell junctions	allows molecules to pass readily between adjacent cells without crossing plasma membranes	2
5126772616	cell-cell recognition	two cells in an animal may communicate by interaction between molecules protruding from their surfaces	3
5126772617	paracrine signaling	(local) a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator	4
5126772618	synaptic signaling	(local) a nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell	5
5126772619	hormonal signaling	specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood	6
5126772620	hormones	in multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning	7
5126772621	reception		8
5126772622	transduction		9
5126772623	response		10
5126772624	ligand	a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one	11
5126772625	g protein-coupled receptor	a signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein	12
5126772626	g protein-coupled receptor		13
5126772627	g protein	a GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell	14
5126772628	receptor tyrosine kinases	a receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the intracellular part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein	15
5126772629	receptor tyrosine kinases	often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer; phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell	16
5126772630	receptor tyrosine kinases		17
5126772631	ligand-gated ion channel	a protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to a signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions	18
5126772632	ligand-gated ion channel		19
5126772633	steroid hormone interacting with an intracellular receptor		20
5126772634	protein kinase	an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein	21
5126772635	protein phosphatases	an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase	22
5126772636	phosphorylation cascade		23
5126772637	second messengers	a small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein	24
5126772638	cyclic amp	cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells; also a regulator of some bacterial operons	25
5126772639	adenylyl cyclase	an enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a signal	26
5126772640	cAMP as a second messenger in a G-protein signaling pathway		27
5126772641	calcium ions	many signaling molecules in animals, including neurotransmitters, growth factors, and some hormones, induce responses in their target cells via signal transduction pathways that increase the cytosolic concentration of	28
5126772642	more	calcium is (more/less) widely used than cAMP as a second messenger	29
5126772643	the maintenance of calcium ion concentrations in an animal cell		30
5126772644	IP3 (inositol triphosphate)	a second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic calcium ion concentration	31
5126772645	DAG (diacyglycerol)	a second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane	32
5126772646	calcium and IP3 in signaling pathways		33
5126772647	the specificity of cell signaling		34
5126772648	scaffolding proteins	a type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction	35
5126772649	apoptosis	a program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die	36
5126772650	apoptosis		37