AP Biology Chapters 2 - 5 Study Guide Flashcards

5527554927	Covalent bond	Bond where valence electrons are shared by two atoms	0
5527554928	Ionic bond	Bond where valence electrons are transferred allowing for a bond to form because of two ions of opposite charges	1
5527561384	The atomic number and the number of electrons	The number of protons equals what two things?	2
5527572147	The number of protons and neutrons	What is the mass number equal to?	3
5527625149	Denaturation	When a protein unravels and loses its shape	4
5527628942	Changes in pH, salt concentration and temperature	Causes of denaturation include...	5
5527640121	Phospholipid bilayer		6
5527651474	The heads are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. The heads want to be by the water in and surrounding the cell and the tails want to be protected	Why do phospholipid bilayers form the way they do?	7
5527655895	Cis isomer	When the atom/group of atoms attached to the double bonded carbon are on the same side	8
5527668322	Trans isomer	When the atom/group of atoms attached to the double bonded carbon are on opposite sides	9
5527672804	They are both geometric isomers whose carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms	Similarities between cis and trans isomers include...	10
5527678152	Asymmetrical carbon	A carbon that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms	11
5527682713	Adhesion, cohesion, high specific heat, solvent of life, less dense as a solid	The properties of water include...	12
5527687854	The presence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell	What causes the reactivity of atoms?	13
5527687855	Hydrolysis	Process in which polymers are broken apart by adding water molecules	14
5527690117	Dehydration	Process in which monomers are bonded together by removing a water molecule	15
5527693772	Purines		16
5527697494	Pyrimidines		17
5527706955	A nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group	What makes up a nucleotide?	18
5527709247	Monosaccharide	A single, simple sugar	19
5527709248	Disaccharide	Consists of two monosaccharides joined together	20
5527714348	Deoxyribose	What is the sugar in DNA?	21
5527714349	Ribose	What is the sugar in RNA?	22
5527724354	Sugars and phosphates	These things make up the "backbone" of a DNA molecule...	23
5527799691	Three fatty acids and a glycerol	What makes up a triglyceride?	24
5527802886	Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic Acids	What are the four major macromolecules?	25
5527824162	Cellulose	In a glucose ring, if the OH attached to the #1 carbon is in the beta position then it is...	26
5527824163	Starch	In a glucose ring, if the OH attached to the #1 carbon is in the alpha position then it is...	27
5527916542	Variations in length, branched or unbranched, double bond position and the presence of rings	The different variations of carbon skeletons can include:	28
5527995971	Levo and Dextro	What does the L and D stand for in enantiomers?	29
5528010921	Only that particular form can bind to specific molecules in an organism	Why is only one version of an isomer usually biologically active when it comes to L and D isomers?	30
5528016543	0 - 14	What is the range of the pH scale?	31
5528019836	10	Each step on the pH scale is a factor of...	32
5528022153	Hydrogen bond	The noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom (usually oxygen)	33
5528022154	Polar covalent bond	When one atom is bonded to a more electronegative atom and the electrons are not shared equally	34
5528026002	Nonpolar covalent bond	The bond between two atoms of the same element where electrons are shared equally because of the same electronegativity	35
5528643396	The amount of these are measured and the total of the two always will equal 10^-14 with the H+ number indicating the pH	What role do H+ and OH- play in the pH scale?	36
5528643398	Solution	A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances	37
5528643399	Solute	The substance that is dissolved in a solution	38
5528645548	Solvent	The dissolving agent in a solution	39
5528645549	Aqueous solution	A solution in which water is the solvent	40
5528648476	Colloid	A mixture that is formed when large water loving substances may not dissolve, but become suspended in an aqueous solution	41
5528648477	Valence	The bonding capacity; the number of unpaired electrons in its valence shell	42
5528653204	2; 8; 18	How many electrons are found in the first 3 valence shells?	43
5528655498	Proton, Neutron and Electron	The subatomic particles include...	44
5528659802	Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur	The elements that are essential to life include...	45
5528659803	Trace element	Elements that are required by organisms but only in very small amounts	46
5528662114	Buffer	Any substance that works to minimize the changes in concentration of H+ and OH- ions in a solution	47
5528667972	These are polar and the water molecules surround them and dissolve them from the outside layer in.	How do salt and sucrose dissolve so easily?	48
5528667990	Vitalism	The belief that chemical and physical laws do not play role in controlling natural phenomena	49
5528667991	Mechanism	The belief that chemical and physical laws govern all natural phenomena including life processes	50
5528670339	Gene	A unit of inheritance	51
5528670340	Saturated fats	These are fats that contain the full amount of hydrogen possible, have no double bonds, are solid at room temperature and generally come from animals	52
5528672253	Unsaturated fats	These are fats that have double bonds, do not contain all the hydrogen it possibly can, is liquid at room temperature and is found mainly in plants	53
5528894047	Primary structure	This structure of a protein is made up of an amino acid sequence	54
5528894048	Secondary structure	This structure of a protein will include coils and folds	55
5528897887	Tertiary structure	This structure of a protein is a result of the interactions of the side chains (R groups); has a 3D shape to it	56
5528908210	Quarternary structure	This structure is the result of more then one polypeptide chain coming together	57
5528934980	Energy storage, protection, cell membrane formation	Functions of fats include...	58
5528942713	Enzymes, storage, hormonal, contractile and motor, defensive, transport, act as receptors, structural	The different functions of proteins include...	59