AP Biology - Viruses Flashcards
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| 8930009417 | What is the basic structure that all viruses share? | Nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid. | 0 | |
| 8930009418 | What is the form of the nucleic acids found in viruses? | DNA or RNA; circular or linear; single- or double-stranded. | 1 | |
| 8930009419 | Where do some viruses store specialized enzymes? | Inside their capsids. | 2 | |
| 8930009420 | What form of viruses have an envelope? | Animal viruses. | 3 | |
| 8930009421 | What type of parasite is a virus? | An obligate intracellular parasite. | 4 | |
| 8930009422 | What is a virus' host range? | The types of organisms infected. | 5 | |
| 8930009423 | What is a virus' tissue tropism? | The types of cells infected. | 6 | |
| 8930009424 | What does the term "latent" mean in terms of viruses? | The way viruses can remain dormant for years. | 7 | |
| 8930009425 | Which group has more kinds, viruses or organisms? | Viruses. | 8 | |
| 8930009426 | Where do viruses reproduce? | In other cells. | 9 | |
| 8930009427 | How do viruses hijack other cells? | By attacking the cell's transcription and translation machineries to express early genes, middle genes, and late genes. The end result is assembly and release of viruses. | 10 | |
| 8930009428 | What are viruses called outside of a host cell? | Virions. | 11 | |
| 8930009429 | What are the two simple shapes most viruses come in? | Helical and icosahedral. | 12 | |
| 8930009430 | What is a special character of T-even phages? | Bienal symmetry. | 13 | |
| 8930009431 | What type of virus has a multilayered capsid? | Poxviruses. | 14 | |
| 8930009432 | What are enveloped viruses known as? | Polymorphic. | 15 | |
| 8930009433 | Are all viruses the same size and shape? | No, viruses vary in size, as well as in shape. | 16 | |
| 8930009434 | Are all viral genomes the same? | No, they vary greatly between each virus. | 17 | |
| 8930009435 | Are most RNA viruses single- or double-stranded? | Single-stranded. | 18 | |
| 8930009436 | Where are RNA viruses replicated? | In the host cell's cytoplasm. | 19 | |
| 8930009437 | What are HIV viruses also known as? | Retroviruses. | 20 | |
| 8930009438 | How to retroviruses affect a host cell's replication? | By employing the enzyme reverse transcriptase. | 21 | |
| 8930009439 | Are most DNA viruses double- or single-stranded? | Double-stranded. | 22 | |
| 8930009440 | Where are DNA viruses replicated? | In the nucleus of eukaryotic host cells. | 23 | |
| 8930009441 | What are bacteriophages? | Viruses that infect bacteria. | 24 | |
| 8930009442 | Are viruses only found in kingdom bacteria? | No, some viruses with complex symmetry have also been found in archaea. | 25 | |
| 8930009443 | What are the two ways bacteriophages reproduce? | The Lytic cycle and the Lysogenic cycle. | 26 | |
| 8930009444 | What are lytic phages called? | Virulent. | 27 | |
| 8930009445 | What are lysogenic phages called? | Temperate. | 28 | |
| 8930009446 | What occurs in the lytic cycle? | The virus kills the host cell. | 29 | |
| 8930009447 | What occurs in the lysogenic cycle? | The virus incorporates into the host cell's genome. | 30 | |
| 8930009448 | List the steps of the lytic cycle and what occurs in each step. | Absorption- viral attachment. Penetration- viral entry. Synthesis- viral component are made. Assembly- component are put together. Release- viral exit. | 31 | |
| 8930009449 | What are viruses called when they integrate into cellular genome? | Prophages. | 32 | |
| 8930009450 | How do prophages affect the host cell? | They propagate along with the host genome. | 33 | |
| 8930009451 | What is the resulting cell called after the integration of a prophage? | A lysogen. | 34 | |
| 8931168422 | What is phage conversion? | When the prophage alters the bacterial phenotype. | 35 | |
| 8931168423 | What is an example of a viral-encoded bacteria? | Vibrio cholerae. | 36 | |
| 8931168424 | What is induction? | The switch from lysogenic to the lytic cycle. | 37 | |
| 8931168425 | What is a lethal disease caused by HIV? | Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 38 | |
| 8931168426 | When was AIDS first reported in the U.S.? | 1981. | 39 | |
| 8931610313 | How are some people resistant to HIV infections? | They have a mutation in the CCR5 gene. | 40 | |
| 8931610314 | What does the CCR5 gene do? | It encodes a receptor for HIV. | 41 | |
| 8931610315 | What does HIV target? | CD4+ cells, mainly helper T cells. | 42 | |
| 8931610316 | What do CD4+ and helper T cells do? | Creates an effective immune response. | 43 | |
| 8931610317 | How does the host usually die from HIV? | By acquiring a variety of opportunistic infections. | 44 | |
| 8931610318 | What does an HIV test detect? | Anti-HIV antibodies, not circulating viruses. | 45 | |
| 8931610319 | What occurs during HIV attachment? | Viral gp120 attaches to CD4 and a co-receptor on the host cell. | 46 | |
| 8931610320 | How does HIV enter a cell? | By endocytosis. | 47 | |
| 8931610321 | How does HIV replicate in the host cell? | By using reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to double-stranded DNA. | 48 | |
| 8931610322 | How does HIV use the newly-formed DNA to affect the host? | It incorporates it into the host genome. | 49 | |
| 8931610323 | What is the process of assembly for HIV? | It occurs after a variable period of dormancy. | 50 | |
| 8931610324 | How does HIV get released from the host? | The new viruses release by budding. | 51 | |
| 8931610325 | How does gp120 attack the immune system? | It uses CCR5, a receptor on white blood cells, as a co-receptor; later, CXCR4 is used. | 52 | |
| 8931610326 | What is the benefit of HIV attacking white blood cells and proteins? | The mutated virus can infect a broader range of cells. | 53 | |
| 8931610327 | What are five developing ways to treat HIV? | Combination drug therapy Vaccine therapy Blocking receptors Disabling receptors Blocking replication | 54 | |
| 8931610328 | What is combination drug therapy for HIV? | The use of both highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and AZT (which inhibits reverse transcriptase) and protease inhibitors (which prevent viral replication). | 55 | |
| 8931610329 | How do we block HIV receptors? | By using chemokines to block CCR5/CXCR4. | 56 | |
| 8931610330 | How do we disable HIV receptors? | Through mutations in the genes and mutated coreceptors. | 57 | |
| 8931610331 | How do we block HIV replication? | By using CAF (CD8+ cell antiviral factor). | 58 | |
| 8931610332 | What are some characteristic of flu viruses? | They are enveloped and have segmented RNA genome. | 59 | |
| 8931610333 | How do Flu types A, B, and C differ? | They have different protein spikes. | 60 | |
| 8931610334 | What is type A Flu? | A serious epidemic in humans and other animals. | 61 | |
| 8931610335 | What are types B and C Flu? | Mild human infections. | 62 | |
| 8931610336 | What does the protein spike Hemagglutinin (H) aid in? | Viral entry. | 63 | |
| 8931610337 | What does the protein spike Neuraminidase (N) aid in? | Viral exit. | 64 | |
| 8931610338 | Why do we have yearly flu shots? | Because H and N are constantly changing, so there can't be a single vaccine. | 65 | |
| 8931610339 | How many subtypes are Type A viruses classified in? | 13 distinct H subtypes and 9 distinct N subtypes. | 66 | |
| 8931610340 | When do flu viruses undergo genetic recombination? | When 2 subtypes infect the same cell. | 67 | |
| 8931610341 | What does genetic recombination of the flu virus result in? | Novel combination of protein spikes that are unrecognizable by human antibodies (known as an antigenic shift). | 68 | |
| 8931610342 | What year was the Spanish flu outbreak and what type of virus was it? | 1918; A(H1N1). | 69 | |
| 8931610343 | What year was the Asian flu outbreak and what type of virus was it? | 1957; A(H2N2). | 70 | |
| 8931610344 | What year was the Hong Kong flu outbreak and what type of virus was it? | 1968; A(H3N2). | 71 | |
| 8931610345 | In what year was the avian influenza discovered and what type of virus was it? | 1997; A(H5N1). | 72 | |
| 8931610346 | Where do new strains of flu originate and what are the viruses' hosts? | The Far East; ducks, chickens, and pigs. | 73 | |
| 8931610347 | What are emerging viruses? | Viruses that extend their host range. This is a considerable threat in the age of aviation (traveling between countries). | 74 | |
| 8931610348 | What is the Hantavirus? | A virus that causes deadly pneumonia, carried by deer mice. | 75 | |
| 8931610349 | What is the Ebola virus? | A virus that causes sever hemorrhagic fever and bleeding; the host is unknown. | 76 | |
| 8931672528 | What causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)? | A coronavirus. | 77 | |
| 8931672529 | What is a coronavirus? | A virus carried by civets whose RNA genome contains six main genes. | 78 | |
| 8931672530 | What percentage do viruses affect all human cancers? | 15% | 79 | |
| 8931672531 | How do viruses affect cancer? | They alter the growth properties of human cells by triggering expression of oncogenes and disrupting tumor-suppressor genes. | 80 | |
| 8931672532 | What are prions? | Proteinaceous infectious particles. | 81 | |
| 8931672533 | What do prions do? | Animals have normal prion proteins (PrP^c), and misfolded proteins (PrP^sc) cause disease by altering the shape of healthy prions. | 82 | |
| 8931672534 | What diseases do prions cause? | Mad cow disease Scrapie in sheep Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans | 83 | |
| 8931672535 | What are viroids? | Tiny, naked molecules of circular RNA that cause diseases in plants. However, it is unclear how they cause disease. | 84 |