AP Biology Chapter 4 Flashcards

4836153957	cell size is limited by...	Surface Area : Volume ration (SA/V)	0
4836155853	Surface Area	the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary -cell membrane	1
4836157710	Volume	A measure of the size of a body or region in 3-dimensional space -the volume of a cell is its cytoplasm and cellular content	2
4836159421	How is a cell's size determinant of Diffusion?	If a cell get's too big, then the SA/V ratio gets smaller and the cell becomes inefficient when moving waste molecules out and nutrients in.	3
4836162236	volume of a cube =	S^3	4
4836162721	Surface Area of a Cube =	6S^2	5
4836163129	Volume of a Sphere =	3/4πr^3	6
4836167691	Surface Area of a Sphere =	4πr^2	7
4836172479	Cellular Structures that work efficiently when a cell's SA/V ratio is maximized.	-Root Hairs in Plants -Microvilla in the Intestines -Alveoli in the lungs	8
4836173599	Root Hairs	maximize their SA/V ratio to absorb nutrients	9
4836174259	Microvilla	extension of the small intestine to maximize nutrient absorption	10
4836176012	Alveoli	site of gas exchange composed of tiny sacks in the lungs	11
4836177742	Prokaryotic Cells	-DNA: single, circular chromosome housed in the nucleiod -cell membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes -bacteria, Archaea -Unicellular -no further organelles -10 mm size	12
4836185544	Nucleoid	a region in a Prokaryotic cell with no membrane that is used to house the DNA	13
4836182675	Eukaryotic Cells	-DNA: multiple, liner chromosomes in a membrane bound nucleus -cell membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes -protists (unicellular), fungi (usually unicellular), Plants, Animals -membrane bound organelles -100 mm size	14
4836188903	Plant Cell	-posses a chloroplast and other plastids -cell walls of cellulose -large central vacule (to store water and maintain a plant turgid(with its structure)) -centrioles are absent -cell plates forms during cell division ---> resulting in a cell wall after mitosis	15
4836196532	Animal Cells	-lack plastids -lack a cell wall -small food vacules to sustain food particles -centrioles are present (align chromosomes at the center during mitosis)	16
4836200356	Cells that Lack ALL organelles	-Xylem in trees -Red Blood Cells in animals -Cork in the outer layer of trees -Epidermal skin layer in animals	17
4836202002	Xylem	material that transports water from root to leaf in a plant	18
4836202549	Red Blood Cell	lack a nucleus and thus carry hemoglobin (O2) throughout the body	19
4836204883	Cork	-think bark -epidermal layer of cells of plats for protection	20
4836206336	Epidermal Skin Layer	-skin cells in animals that are constantly being shed and are usually located in the top layer of the skin	21
4836208726	Compartmentalization is ... ?	the key to efficiency	22
4836209650	cell fractionation	devised to separate the various cell components while preserving their individual functions	23
4836214065	the heaviest organelle is usually the	nucleus	24
4836214583	the lightest organelle is usually the	endoplasmic ruticulum	25
4836215806	the organelle that is usually found in the middle weight range is the	mitochondria	26
4836217433	Nucleus	surrounded by the permeable nuclear envelope (double membrane) -DNA is found here arranged as chromosomes -has a Nucleolus	27
4836324819	nuclear envelope	-contains pores for the transport of molecules, like messenger RNA, which are too large to diffuse directly though the envelope	28
4836221410	Nucleolus	center of nucleus that manufactures Ribosomes	29
4836350549	Cytosol	semi fluid substance in which subcellular components are suspended	30
4836223755	Ribosomes	-site of protein synthesis -is the smallest and most abundant organelle in cells -there are Free Floating and Attached ribosomes	31
4836226322	Free Floating Ribosomes	-float free in the cytosol -produce proteins that the cell can keep for it's self -can produce structural and enzymatic proteins for the cell	32
4836229660	Attached Ribosomes	-are found in the rough ER -produce proteins that will be exported to the membrane (and fused with it) or transported outside the cell for other cells	33
4836232559	Electron Micrographs	higher magnification for cells	34
4836235038	Endomembrane Systems	Smooth ER, Rough ER, Golgi Apparatus, Vesicle, Lysosomes, Food Vacuole, Central Vacuole, Contractile Vacuole	35
4836236643	Smooth ER	synthesizes lipids (sex hormones and other lipids) -detoxifies chemical components of the cell (drugs and poison) -free of ribosomes -Are found in abundance in: the Liver, ans Muscles for contraction and storage of Calcium ions	36
4836240976	Rough ER	-attached ribosomes -will send manufactured proteins to be packaged and ultimately secreted by the cell	37
4836242692	Golgi Apparatus	package, modify, and sort proteins for export	38
4836245301	Vesicle	product of the golgi containing a protein that can either be protected or released from a cell	39
4836247752	Lysosomes	-specialized vesicles with digestive enzyme -need to be kept at an acidic pH buffered from the cytosol -can be merged with a food vacuole to digest its content -producer of Apoptosis	40
4836339066	Autophagy	with the help of lysosomes, the cell continually renews itself by breaking down and recycling cell parts	41
4836256720	Apoptosis	programmed cell death of a damaged cell formed via lysosomes	42
4836261034	Food Vacuole	large food molecule is taken into the cell for storage and later digestion	43
4836263860	Central Vacuole	stores water in plants and keeps it turgid	44
4836266163	Contractile Vacuole	found in lake protist such as paramecium -a vacuole of water to maintain homeostasis by pushing water out of the cell	45
4836268659	organelles of energy conversion	-chloroplast and mitochondria	46
4836269217	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis in an autotroph -ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY	47
4836273517	Endosymbiotic Theory	- theory that postulates that mitochondria and chloroplast were once free-living prokaryotic cells that took residence inside larger prokaryotic cells mitochondria and chloroplast have: ribosomes, replicate via binary fission, have their own DNA, many layers of membrane, circular, replicate independently from the cell	48
4836270750	Mitochondria	powers the cell by generating ATP via cellular respiration -ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY	49
4836278068	Cytoskeleton	-protein filaments within a cell for shape and are attached to the cell for motility -flagellum -cilia	50
4836279974	flagellum	made of motor proteins for movement	51
4836280859	cilia	another extension of the cytoskeleton for movement	52
4836309594	Structure of cells	-STRUCTURE DICTATES FUNCTION -nerve cell: long and spindly -fat cells: rounded, large, and distended	53
4836316621	surface area increases more slowly then volume because ...	surface area is a function of the square of the radius while volume is the function of the cube of the radius	54