AP Biology Ch.3 - Carbon & Molecular Diversity Flashcards

7422054086	organic compound	compound containing carbon; almost all associated with life also contain hydrogen	0
7422117361	macromolecules	all living things fall into classes of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid	1
7422120764	electron configuration	determines number and type of bonds; key to atom's chemical characteristics	2
7422143804	valence	equals number of unpaired electrons in valence shell; signifies number of covalent bonds an atom can form	3
7422159260	hydrocarbon	organic molecular compound made only of carbon and hydrogen; undergo reactions that release lots of energy	4
7422195332	isomers	compounds with same number of atoms and same elements but different structures and properties	5
7422215898	structural isomers	differ in covalent arrangement of atoms, may differ in location of double bond	6
7422238414	cis-trans isomer	carbons have covalent bonds to same atoms, but atoms differ in spatial arrangement due to inflexibility of double bonds; possible if 2 carbons double bonded and 2 different atoms/groups attached	7
7422262958	enantiomer	isomers are mirror images of each other, differ in shape due to asymmetric carbon (carbon with 4 single bonds)	8
7422279712	functional groups	chemical groups affect molecular function by being directly involved in chemical reaction	9
7422284656	hydroxyl group	alcohol	10
7422308407	carbonyl group	ketone or aldehyde	11
7422391403	carboxyl group	organic acid/carboxylic acid	12
7422398347	amino group	amine	13
7422404908	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	complicated organic phosphate, important function in cell; ATP reacts with H2O --> ADP + inorganic phosphate + energy	14
7422444265	polymer	long molecule made of repeating blocks linked covalently (forms: carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acid)	15
7422454200	monomers	repeated units in polymers	16
7422456207	enzymes	specialized macromolecules (proteins), speed up chemical reactions	17
7422464532	dehydration reaction	monomers connected covalently in reaction with loss of H2O molecule (one monomer provides hydroxyl group, other provides hydrogen)	18
7422476973	hydrolysis	breaks polymers into monomers; reverse dehydration reaction reaction (example: digestion)	19
7422481730	carbohydrates	sugars and polymers of sugars	20
7422486977	monosaccharides	simple sugars; formula is multiple of CH2O; has carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups (example: glucose)	21
7422501027	disaccharides	2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (example: sucrose)	22
7422507054	glycosidic linkage	covalent bond between monosaccharides by dehydration reaction	23
7422514204	polysaccharides	macromolecules/polymers with hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides linked glycosidic linkage	24
7422520868	storage polysaccharides	store sugars for later use -- plants store starch, animals store glycogen (polymer of glucose)	25
7422526948	cellulose	polysaccharide in cell walls, grouped in units called microfibrils, polymer of glucose but never branched	26
7422535382	chitin	polysaccharide used to make exoskeletons of arthropods	27
7422546378	lipids	doesn't include true polymers; don't mix with water (hydrophobic) because mostly made of hydrocarbons, which are nonpolar	28
7422565901	types of lipids	fats, phospholipids, steroids	29
7422568135	fats	constructed from glycerol and fatty acids, assembled by dehydration reactions (although not polymers)	30
7422580737	fatty acids	long carbon skeleton with carboxyl group and hydrocarbon chain	31
7422604093	triacylglycerol	fat made of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule by ester linkage	32
7422632637	saturated fats	all single bonds maximum number of hydrogen; solid (butter, lard)	33
7422637473	unsaturated fats	has at least one double bond, made of unsaturated fatty acids; liquid (oil from plants and animals)	34
7422651758	trans fats	unsaturated fats with trans double bonds produced when unsaturated fats are synthetically converted into saturated fats	35
7422659994	phospholipids	2 fatty acids attached to glycerol; makeup cell membranes -- hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, while head is hydrophillic --> causes lipid bilayer formation	36
7422783711	catalysts	chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being consumed in reactions	37
7422793157	beta pleated sheet	2 or more segments of polypeptide chain lying side by side connected by H bonds between parts of 2 parallel segments of backbone	38
7422809992	hydrophobic interaction	amino acids with hydrophobic side chains end up in core of protein	39
7422817537	disulfide bridges	covalent bonds caused when 2 monomers with -SH group are close and S-S forms altering protein shape	40
7422825920	X-ray crystallography	most common way to determine 3-D shape of a protein, uses x-ray diffraction of atoms	41
7422843575	gene	consists of DNA (nucleic acid); unit of inheritance	42
7422854299	nucleoside	portion of nucleotide without phosphate group	43
7422859556	pyrimidine	(type of nitrogenous base), one 6 carbon ring of carbon and a nitrogen atom (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)	44
7422867178	purine	(type of nitrogenous base) 6-member ring fused to a 5-member ring; larger (adenine, guanine)	45
7422877320	deoxyribose	sugar in DNA, lacks oxygen atom on second carbon	46
7422882209	ribose	sugar in RNA	47
7422892225	5' end	refers to end of polymer attached to 5' carbon and phosphate	48
7422903124	Are RNA molecules single strand or double strand?	single strand, but base pairing can occur between regions of RNA in same molecule (A+U, no T)	49
7422910016	genomics	analyzing large sets of genes or comparing genomes of species	50