AP language and composition CH 3 Flashcards

9114170592	Ad Hominem	Latin for "to the man" this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
9114195748	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue	1
9114203805	Ad Populum	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to everybody else is, so why not?	2
9114211961	Argument	A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resolving in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion	3
9114224667	Backing	In the Toulmin Model, backing consists of further assurances or data without the assumption lacks authority	4
9114239055	Begging the Question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	5
9114256280	Circular Reasoning	A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	6
9114263897	Claim	Also called assertion or proposition, claim states arguments main idea, has to be arguable	7
9114270232	Claim of Fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not	8
9114275026	Claim of Value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	9
9114281612	Claim of Policy	A claim of policy proposes a change	10
9114290326	Classical Oration	Five-Part argument structure used by classical rhetoricians	11
9114296676	Introduction (exordium)	Introduces reader to subject in discussion	12
9114302851	Narration (narratio)	Provides factual information and background material on topic	13
9114315371	Confirmation (confirmatio)	Usually the major part of the text, the confirmation includes the proof needed to make the writer's case	14
9114331792	Refutation (refutatio)	Addresses the counter-argument. It is a bridge between the writer's proof and conclusion	15
9114343535	Conclusion (peroratio)	Brings the essay to a satisfying close	16
9114346556	Closed Thesis	Statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to write	17
9114356460	Deduction	A logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth	18
9114367372	Either/Or (false dilemma)	A fallacy in which the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices	19
9114377315	Fallacy	Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from failure to make logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it	20
9114389011	Faulty Analogy	A fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable	21
9114397811	First-Hand Evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's personal experience, observations, or general knowledge	22
9114405745	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence	23
9114414191	Induction	"to lead into" a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to conclude	24
9114428228	Open Thesis	A thesis that does not list all of the points the writer covers in an essay	25
9114439218	Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc	"after which because of which" it is incorrect to always claim that something is a cause just because it happened earlier	26
9114448511	Qualifier	In Toulmin Model, uses words like; usually, maybe, in most cases, and most likely. To temper the claim making it less absolute	27
9114461796	Quantitative Evidence	Includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers	28
9114471277	Rebuttal	Gives a voice to possible objections	29
9114473706	Reservation	Explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	30
9114482873	Rogerian Argument	Based on the assumption that having full understanding of an opposing position is essential in refute	31
9114491054	Second-Hand Evidence	Evidence that is accessed through research. Provides factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitation data	32
9114504824	Straw Man	A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea	33
9114515853	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise to reach a necessary conclusion	34
9114521592	Toulmin model	An approach to analyzing and constructing arguments, created by Stephen Toulmin in his book "The uses of argument"	35
9114535644	Warrant (assumption)	In the Toulmin Model, the warrant expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience	36